Chapter 17 Syllabus

17.1 Classification
- Spontaneous and induced
- Examples of mutagens

17.2 Gene Mutation
- Mutation at DNA level

17.2.1 Substitution
- Definition
- Example: sickle-cell anaemia

17.2.2 Insertion/Addition
- Definition
- Frameshift mutation


17.2.3 Deletion
- Definition
- Frameshift mutation
- Example: thalassaemia major

17.2.4 Inversion
- Definition

17.3 Chromosomal Mutation
- Chromosomal aberration

17.3.1 Change in chromosome number
- Aneuploidy and euploidy/polyploidy
- Definition of autosome and sex chromosome

i) Aneuploidy
- Definition
- Non-disjunction during meiosis
- Abnormalities of autosome number
-- Monosomy: resulting in sterility and retarded growth
-- Trisomy: Down's syndrome (trisomy 21)
- Abnormalities of sex chromosome number
-- Klinefelter syndrome (47, XXY)
-- Turner syndrome (45, X)

ii) Euploidy/polyploidy
- Definition of euploidy/polyploidy, autopolyploidy and allopolyploidy
- Examples in plants

17.3.2 Change in chromosome structure
i) Inversion - Definition
ii) Translocation - Definition
iii) Deletion - Definition
iv) Duplication/Multiplication - Definition