@ Syllabus
@Thursday, April 24, 2008
Chapter 15 Syllabus
15.1 Measurement
- Parameters and methods of measurement (suitability and problems)
15.2 Types of growth curve
- Absolute growth curve
- Absolute growth rate curve
- Relative growth rate curve
15.3 Growth pattern
- Limited growth (human)
- Unlimited growth (perennial plants/woody plants)
- Allometric growth (human)
- Isometric growth (fish)
- Intermittent growth (insect)
15.4 Ecdysis and metamorphosis
- Definition
- Role of hormones (neurosecretion, juvenile hormone and ecdysone)
- Ecdysis and metamorphosis in insects
15.5 Dormancy
- Concept, importance and examples
15.5.1 Animals
- Hibernation, aestivation and diapause
15.5.2 Plants
- Seed dormancy
- Factors affecting seed dormancy and methods of overcoming them
Wednesday, April 23, 2008
How to Make a Quill Without Feather?
As a note, this post will be re-posted in my other web sites... but that's with the permission of mine.
All right, now, this actually had been done years ago... But I thought there are many people doing the same until I found out no one actually did it... And the intuition to make a quill came after reading Harry Potter... and noticed about the history of writing instrument. The first thing is ingredients - Making Quill from Used Pen
Ingredients: Penknife, Used Pen(Best: simple ballpoint pen's ink cartridge... the slimmer is the cartridge, the better) and some ink to try it on...
Method: First, cut of the pen tip part with the metal... then the whole cartridge will look like a tube. Then, cut one of the tips diagonally... and leaving the tips as small angle as possible. Next, you will see the sharp tip of the quill with the ' v ' shape. In the middle cut a straight line in the middle of the ' v ' right until the very tip. make sure the cut is through until the other side of the plastic. Okay... you are done! The basic of the new-style-quill is done. All you need to do is dip it into the ink and start using it. In between, you can adjust the tip shape or ink flows by cutting the tip or the line.
Thanks!!!
Tuesday, April 22, 2008
Chapter 14 Syllabus
14.1 Animals
14.1.1 Embryology
- Brief description of major stages
- Beginning after fertilisation from cleavage to organogenesis (blastula and gastrula)
- Organ formation from ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm
14.1.2 Human fetal development
- Roles of placenta, chorion, amniotic fluid and allantois
- Roles of progesterone and oestrogen
14.1.3 Parturition process in human
- Roles of progesterone, oestrogen, oxytocin and prolactin
14.2 Plants
14.2.1 Seed development
- Development of seeds and fruits after fertilization
- Structure of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous seeds
14.2.2 Seed germination
- Mobilisation of nutrients after imbibition (role of giberrelin)
Friday, April 4, 2008
Chapter 18 Syllabus
18.1 Concept Of Gene Pool
- Concept of gene pool, allele and genotype frequencies in a population
- Relationship between population genetics and evolution
18.2 Hardy-Weinberg Law
- Genetic equilibrium and allele frequency
- Requirements for genetic equilibrium
-- Large-sized population
-- Random mating
-- No mutation
-- No migration
- Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
-- p^2 + 2 pq + q^2 = 1 and p + q = 1
- Calculations of allele and genotype frequencies in a population
- Concept of gene pool, allele and genotype frequencies in a population
- Relationship between population genetics and evolution
18.2 Hardy-Weinberg Law
- Genetic equilibrium and allele frequency
- Requirements for genetic equilibrium
-- Large-sized population
-- Random mating
-- No mutation
-- No migration
- Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
-- p^2 + 2 pq + q^2 = 1 and p + q = 1
- Calculations of allele and genotype frequencies in a population
Thursday, April 3, 2008
Chapter 17 Syllabus
17.1 Classification
- Spontaneous and induced
- Examples of mutagens
17.2 Gene Mutation
- Mutation at DNA level
17.2.1 Substitution
- Definition
- Example: sickle-cell anaemia
17.2.2 Insertion/Addition
- Definition
- Frameshift mutation
17.2.3 Deletion
- Definition
- Frameshift mutation
- Example: thalassaemia major
17.2.4 Inversion
- Definition
17.3 Chromosomal Mutation
- Chromosomal aberration
17.3.1 Change in chromosome number
- Aneuploidy and euploidy/polyploidy
- Definition of autosome and sex chromosome
i) Aneuploidy
- Definition
- Non-disjunction during meiosis
- Abnormalities of autosome number
-- Monosomy: resulting in sterility and retarded growth
-- Trisomy: Down's syndrome (trisomy 21)
- Abnormalities of sex chromosome number
-- Klinefelter syndrome (47, XXY)
-- Turner syndrome (45, X)
ii) Euploidy/polyploidy
- Definition of euploidy/polyploidy, autopolyploidy and allopolyploidy
- Examples in plants
17.3.2 Change in chromosome structure
i) Inversion - Definition
ii) Translocation - Definition
iii) Deletion - Definition
iv) Duplication/Multiplication - Definition
- Spontaneous and induced
- Examples of mutagens
17.2 Gene Mutation
- Mutation at DNA level
17.2.1 Substitution
- Definition
- Example: sickle-cell anaemia
17.2.2 Insertion/Addition
- Definition
- Frameshift mutation
17.2.3 Deletion
- Definition
- Frameshift mutation
- Example: thalassaemia major
17.2.4 Inversion
- Definition
17.3 Chromosomal Mutation
- Chromosomal aberration
17.3.1 Change in chromosome number
- Aneuploidy and euploidy/polyploidy
- Definition of autosome and sex chromosome
i) Aneuploidy
- Definition
- Non-disjunction during meiosis
- Abnormalities of autosome number
-- Monosomy: resulting in sterility and retarded growth
-- Trisomy: Down's syndrome (trisomy 21)
- Abnormalities of sex chromosome number
-- Klinefelter syndrome (47, XXY)
-- Turner syndrome (45, X)
ii) Euploidy/polyploidy
- Definition of euploidy/polyploidy, autopolyploidy and allopolyploidy
- Examples in plants
17.3.2 Change in chromosome structure
i) Inversion - Definition
ii) Translocation - Definition
iii) Deletion - Definition
iv) Duplication/Multiplication - Definition
Tuesday, April 1, 2008
Chapter 16 Syllabus
16.1 Mendelian Genetics
- Definition of the terms gamete, gene, allele, dominant and recessive alleles, homozygote, heterozygote, phenotype, genotype, filial generation (P1, P2, F1, F2), type of crosses (test cross, back cross, reciprocal cross, selfing) and pure cross
- Mendel's experiment on monohybrid and dihybrid crosses/inheritance
- Characteristics of pea plants used by Mendel
16.1.1 Monohybrid
- Monohybrid cross and its results
- Mendel's first law (Law of Seggregation) and its relation to meiosis
- Calculations of genotypic and phenotypic ratios (Punnett square and branch/fork method)
16.1.2 Dihybrid
- Dihybrid cross and its results
- Mendel's second law (law of Independant assortment) and its' relation to meiosis
- Calculations of genotypic and phenotypic ratios until F2 generation (Punnett square and branch/fork methods)
16.2 Modification of Mendelian Genetics
- Crosses that result in ratios differing from the classic Mendelian 3:1 and 9:3:3:1 ratios
16.2.1 Codominance
- Definition
- Examplke of inheritance: MN blood group in humans
- Calculations of genotypic and phenotypic ratios
16.2.2 Incomplete Doiminance
- Definition
- Example of inheritance : Antirrhinum (snapdragon) flower colour
- Calculations of genotypic and phenotypic ratios
16.2.3 Multiple Alleles
- Definition
- Example of inheritance: human ABO blood group
- Calcuylations of genotypic and phenotypic ratios
16.2.4 Lethal Genes
- Definition
- Example of inheritance: coat colour in mice
- Calculations of genotypic and phenotypic ratios
16.2.5 Polygenes
- Definition
- Example of inheritance: height in humans
16.2.6 Linked Genes
- Definition of linked genes and sex-linked genes
- Effect of crossing over on ratio of dihybrid crosses
- Parental and recombinant phenotypes
- Examples: Drosophila eye colour and haemophilia in humans
- Calculations of genotypic and phenotypic ratios
- Pedigree analysis
- Sex determination in humans
16.2.7 Epistasis
- Definition and examples only
16.3 Genetic Mapping
- Calculayions of distance between two loci based on percentage of cross-over
- Examples of calculations for Drosophila
-Determining the relative position of a gene on a chromosome based on percentage of cross-over
- Definition of the terms gamete, gene, allele, dominant and recessive alleles, homozygote, heterozygote, phenotype, genotype, filial generation (P1, P2, F1, F2), type of crosses (test cross, back cross, reciprocal cross, selfing) and pure cross
- Mendel's experiment on monohybrid and dihybrid crosses/inheritance
- Characteristics of pea plants used by Mendel
16.1.1 Monohybrid
- Monohybrid cross and its results
- Mendel's first law (Law of Seggregation) and its relation to meiosis
- Calculations of genotypic and phenotypic ratios (Punnett square and branch/fork method)
16.1.2 Dihybrid
- Dihybrid cross and its results
- Mendel's second law (law of Independant assortment) and its' relation to meiosis
- Calculations of genotypic and phenotypic ratios until F2 generation (Punnett square and branch/fork methods)
16.2 Modification of Mendelian Genetics
- Crosses that result in ratios differing from the classic Mendelian 3:1 and 9:3:3:1 ratios
16.2.1 Codominance
- Definition
- Examplke of inheritance: MN blood group in humans
- Calculations of genotypic and phenotypic ratios
16.2.2 Incomplete Doiminance
- Definition
- Example of inheritance : Antirrhinum (snapdragon) flower colour
- Calculations of genotypic and phenotypic ratios
16.2.3 Multiple Alleles
- Definition
- Example of inheritance: human ABO blood group
- Calcuylations of genotypic and phenotypic ratios
16.2.4 Lethal Genes
- Definition
- Example of inheritance: coat colour in mice
- Calculations of genotypic and phenotypic ratios
16.2.5 Polygenes
- Definition
- Example of inheritance: height in humans
16.2.6 Linked Genes
- Definition of linked genes and sex-linked genes
- Effect of crossing over on ratio of dihybrid crosses
- Parental and recombinant phenotypes
- Examples: Drosophila eye colour and haemophilia in humans
- Calculations of genotypic and phenotypic ratios
- Pedigree analysis
- Sex determination in humans
16.2.7 Epistasis
- Definition and examples only
16.3 Genetic Mapping
- Calculayions of distance between two loci based on percentage of cross-over
- Examples of calculations for Drosophila
-Determining the relative position of a gene on a chromosome based on percentage of cross-over
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