Saturday, July 5, 2008

Wind and Water

1. They affects the dispersion of organism. They also affects the distribution of fruits, seeds and spores.

2. Wind increase evapotranspiration thereby decreasing moisture. Hence, windy habitats are usually inhabited by xerophytes.

3. Strong water currents causes erosion that would then determine the type of species that line the riverbanks.

4. Plankton and algae species are also found in small amounts in fast flowing waters. In the beaches, waves and beach sand prevent plants from inhabiting there.

Tuesday, July 1, 2008

Important Concepts of Ecology

1. Ecology: study of interactions between organisms and organisms with their environments

 

2. Biosphere (Ecosphere): all parts of planet Earth inhabited by living organisms. It stretches from the bottom of the ocean  to the upper atmosphere = all the communities and ecosystems in planet Earth

 

3. Biotic components: living components in the ecosystem, such as plants, animals, humans and microorganisms

 

4. Abiotic components: non-living components of the ecosystem such as water, soil, air, rocks, snow and others.

 

5. Environment: surrounding of an organism including all biotic and abiotic components. The environment of an  organism usually includes water, air, soil and living things.

 

6. Habitat: specific area(place) of the physical environment where an organism lives. Example: Forest as habitat of monkeys, Meadow as habitat of deers.

 

7. Microhabitat: particular place in the habitat where and organism lives. Microhabitat can be an area under a rock, for ants.

 

8. Community: all organisms living in the same habitat. Mangrove swamp community consists of mangrove trees, birds, crabs, monkeys, snakes, microorganisms...etc.

 

9. Biome: large community unit that extends over wide biogeographical area, determined by area. Hence, biome can be said as a climatically delineated assemblage of organisms that have a characteristic appearance and is distribute over a wide geographical area. This community is usually complex and its animals and plants have certain characteristics. Example: Terrestrial biome are tropical forest, Mediterranean forest, deciduous forests, savanna, tundra, desert and prairie. Ocean is a single biome.

 

10. Bion: independant individual organism living in any ecological system.

Tuesday, June 17, 2008

Local University Outcome

For STPM 2007 candidates who had applied for the local university, you can now check it using Internet though the www.mohe.gov.my portal. Just key in your IC number, category and Angka Giliran and you will know what you have been waiting for for these six months. Another way is using SMS. Just type UPU<space>IC number to 33310 or 32020, then you will know the result.

Saturday, May 31, 2008

Cardiovascular Disease

Hypertension

Meaning:

1. Hypertension is also known as high blood pressure.

2. It is defined as systemic arterial blood pressure which constantly remains at a high level (above 140/90 mmHg).

3. Through survey, 30% of Malaysians suffer from hypertension.

4. Secondary hypertension is hypertension caused by other disease. 5% of Malaysian suffer from secondary hypertension.

5. Primary hypertension is caused by process not fully understood or fully known. It covers 90% of Malaysian hypertension patients.

Causes:

Primary Hypertension

1. Arteriosclerosis

2. Genetic factors

3. Excessive intake of salt and cholesterol

4. Obesity

5. Smoking

6. Tension and stress

7. Sedentary lifestyle, lack of exercise

8. Alcohol consumption

9. Use of contraceptive pills

* Note that the actual cause is still unknown. These are mostly believed causes.

Symptoms:

1. Dizziness (esp. morning)

2. Buzzing sound in the ears

3. Bleeding nose

4. Blur vision

5. Flushes in the face

6. Frequent urinating (incontinence)

7. Difficulty in breathing

8. Swelling feet

Effects:

1. Heart

2. Kidney

3. Brain

Prevention:

1. Exercise

2. Lose Weight

3. Reduction of tension in life

4. Reduction of salt and cholesterol intake

5. Stay away from cigarettes and alcohol

 

Arteriosclerosis

Meaning:

 

Causes:

1. Genetic factory

2. Diet

3. Smoking

4. Stress

5. Sedentary lifestyle

6. Alcohol consumption

7. Age

8. Gender

9. Other disease

Prevention:

 

 

Myocardial Infarction

Meaning:

 

Causes:

1. Diet/nutrition

2. Stress

3. Genetic

4. Body weight

5. Age

6. Smoking

7. Gender

8. Other diseases

Prevention:

1. Exercise

2. Consume healthy food (low cholesterol, salt and saturated fat)

3. Don't/reduce smoking

4. Relax and stress-free lifestyle

5. Seek medical help once unhealthy symptoms surfaces

Wednesday, May 21, 2008

Les Choristes With English Subtitles

It's so happy to find this one. Finally I found the whole Les Choristes movie in Google Video which have English suntitles. You will learn much through this one!

Tuesday, May 20, 2008

Roles of Hormones in Plant Growth and Development

Auxin

1. Phototropism

2. Cell Elongation

3. Apical Dominance

4. Parthenocarpy

5. Flowering

6. Delay Abscission

7. Activates Cambium

8. Growth of Lateral Roots

 

Giberellin

1. Break Seed Dormancy

2. Bolting

3. Dwarf to Normal

4. Growth of Lateral Roots

5.

 

Cytokinin

 

Abscisic Acid (ABA)

 

Ethene

Monday, May 19, 2008

Chapter 11: Hormones/Chemical Coordination

@ Syllabus

Plants

@ Roles of Hormones in Plant Growth and Development

@

Chapter 11 Syllabus

11.1 Humans

11.1.1 Hormonal Action

- Mechanism of hormone action via gene activation; examples: steroid hormones

- Mechanism of non-steroid hormone via activation of cyclic AMP system (cascade effect); examples: adrenaline

- Comparison between the two action mechanisms

11.1.2 Role of hormones in reproduction

- Site of production and the role of hormones in oestrus cycle

- Site of production and role of hormone during pregnancy


11.2 Plants

- Role of hormones in plant growth and development

11.2.1 Auxin: Growth of organs

11.2.2 Giberellin: Root and shoot induction

11.2.3 Cytokinin

11.2.4 Abscisic Acid (ABA): Apical and bud dominance

11.2.5 Ethene: Seed dormancy, flowering, abscission, senescence, fruit ripening, stomatal mechanism, parthenocarpy

- Interaction betweeb hormones; examples: apical dominance


11.3 Phytochromes and the effect of light on flowering

- Definition of phytochrome

- Mechanism of phytochrome action

- Role of phytochromes in photoperiodism and flowering

Chapter 13: Reproduction

@ Syllabus

@

Chapter 13 Syllabus

13.1 Sexual Reproduction


13.1.1 Plants

- Refer topic 22 (Biodiversity) for morphological characteristics

- Structure of sexual reproductive organ

- Life cycle with emphasis on sexual reproduction:

i) Algae: Spirogira

ii) Bryophyta: Marchantia

iii) Filicinophyta: Dryopteris

iv) Coniferophyta: Pinus

v) Angiospermophyta: Caesalpinia


13.1.2 Fungi: Mucor

- Refer to topic 22 (Biodiversity) for morphological characteristics

- Structure of sexual reproductive organ

- Life cycle with emphasis on sexual reproduction


13.1.3 Animals

- Refer topic 22 (Biodiversity) for morphological characteristics

- Diversity of sexual reproductive systems and overall comparison

- Mechanism of fertilization (internal and external)

- Oviparity, Ovoviviparity and Viviparity

i) Ciliophora: Paramecium

ii) Cnidaria: Hydra

iii) Annelida: Pheretima

iv) Arthropoda: Periplaneta

v) Amphibia: Rana

vi) Reptilia: Naja

vii) Aves: Columba

ix) Mammalia: Rattus


13.2 Asexual Reproduction

- Definition and examples only

13.2.1 Parthenogenesis

- Aphis and Apis

13.2.2 Paedogenesis

- Amphioxus

13.2.3 Polyembriony

- Fasciola

13.2.4 Sporulation

- Dryopteris and Plasmodium

13.2.5 Budding

- Hydra and Saccharomyces

13.2.6 Binary fission

- Amoeba

13.2.7 Regeneration

- Planaria

13.2.8 Vegetative

- Allium, Solanum, Yucca, Zingiber

Thursday, April 24, 2008

Chapter 15: Growth

@ Syllabus

@

Chapter 15 Syllabus

15.1 Measurement

- Parameters and methods of measurement (suitability and problems)

 

15.2 Types of growth curve

- Absolute growth curve

- Absolute growth rate curve

- Relative growth rate curve

 

15.3 Growth pattern

- Limited growth (human)

- Unlimited growth (perennial plants/woody plants)

- Allometric growth (human)

- Isometric growth (fish)

- Intermittent growth (insect)

 

15.4 Ecdysis and metamorphosis

- Definition

- Role of hormones (neurosecretion, juvenile hormone and ecdysone)

- Ecdysis and metamorphosis in insects

 

15.5 Dormancy

- Concept, importance and examples

 

15.5.1 Animals

- Hibernation, aestivation and diapause

 

15.5.2 Plants

- Seed dormancy

- Factors affecting seed dormancy and methods of overcoming them

Wednesday, April 23, 2008

How to Make a Quill Without Feather?

As a note, this post will be re-posted in my other web sites... but that's with the permission of mine.

All right, now, this actually had been done years ago... But I thought there are many people doing the same until I found out no one actually did it... And the intuition to make a quill came after reading Harry Potter... and noticed about the history of writing instrument. The first thing is ingredients - Making Quill from Used Pen

Ingredients: Penknife, Used Pen(Best: simple ballpoint pen's ink cartridge... the slimmer is the cartridge, the better) and some ink to try it on...

Method: First, cut of the pen tip part with the metal... then the whole cartridge will look like a tube. Then, cut one of the tips diagonally... and leaving the tips as small angle as possible. Next, you will see the sharp tip of the quill with the ' v ' shape. In the middle cut a straight line in the middle of the ' v ' right until the very tip. make sure the cut is through until the other side of the plastic. Okay... you are done! The basic of the new-style-quill is done. All you need to do is dip it into the ink and start using it. In between, you can adjust the tip shape or ink flows by cutting the tip or the line.

Thanks!!!

quill 1quill 2 quill 3

Tuesday, April 22, 2008

Chapter 14: Development

@ Syllabus

@

Chapter 14 Syllabus

14.1 Animals

14.1.1 Embryology

- Brief description of major stages

- Beginning after fertilisation from cleavage to organogenesis (blastula and gastrula)

- Organ formation from ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm

14.1.2 Human fetal development

- Roles of placenta, chorion, amniotic fluid and allantois

- Roles of progesterone and oestrogen

14.1.3 Parturition process in human

- Roles of progesterone, oestrogen, oxytocin and prolactin

14.2 Plants

14.2.1 Seed development

- Development of seeds and fruits after fertilization

- Structure of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous seeds

14.2.2 Seed germination

- Mobilisation of nutrients after imbibition (role of giberrelin)

Friday, April 4, 2008

Chapter 18: Population Genetics

@ Syllabus
@

Chapter 18 Syllabus

18.1 Concept Of Gene Pool
- Concept of gene pool, allele and genotype frequencies in a population
- Relationship between population genetics and evolution

18.2 Hardy-Weinberg Law
- Genetic equilibrium and allele frequency
- Requirements for genetic equilibrium
-- Large-sized population
-- Random mating
-- No mutation
-- No migration
- Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
-- p^2 + 2 pq + q^2 = 1 and p + q = 1
- Calculations of allele and genotype frequencies in a population

Thursday, April 3, 2008

Chapter 17: Mutation

@ Syllabus
@

Chapter 17 Syllabus

17.1 Classification
- Spontaneous and induced
- Examples of mutagens

17.2 Gene Mutation
- Mutation at DNA level

17.2.1 Substitution
- Definition
- Example: sickle-cell anaemia

17.2.2 Insertion/Addition
- Definition
- Frameshift mutation


17.2.3 Deletion
- Definition
- Frameshift mutation
- Example: thalassaemia major

17.2.4 Inversion
- Definition

17.3 Chromosomal Mutation
- Chromosomal aberration

17.3.1 Change in chromosome number
- Aneuploidy and euploidy/polyploidy
- Definition of autosome and sex chromosome

i) Aneuploidy
- Definition
- Non-disjunction during meiosis
- Abnormalities of autosome number
-- Monosomy: resulting in sterility and retarded growth
-- Trisomy: Down's syndrome (trisomy 21)
- Abnormalities of sex chromosome number
-- Klinefelter syndrome (47, XXY)
-- Turner syndrome (45, X)

ii) Euploidy/polyploidy
- Definition of euploidy/polyploidy, autopolyploidy and allopolyploidy
- Examples in plants

17.3.2 Change in chromosome structure
i) Inversion - Definition
ii) Translocation - Definition
iii) Deletion - Definition
iv) Duplication/Multiplication - Definition

Chapter 16: Transmisson Genetics

@ Syllabus
@

Tuesday, April 1, 2008

Chapter 16 Syllabus

16.1 Mendelian Genetics
- Definition of the terms gamete, gene, allele, dominant and recessive alleles, homozygote, heterozygote, phenotype, genotype, filial generation (P1, P2, F1, F2), type of crosses (test cross, back cross, reciprocal cross, selfing) and pure cross
- Mendel's experiment on monohybrid and dihybrid crosses/inheritance
- Characteristics of pea plants used by Mendel

16.1.1 Monohybrid
- Monohybrid cross and its results
- Mendel's first law (Law of Seggregation) and its relation to meiosis
- Calculations of genotypic and phenotypic ratios (Punnett square and branch/fork method)

16.1.2 Dihybrid
- Dihybrid cross and its results
- Mendel's second law (law of Independant assortment) and its' relation to meiosis
- Calculations of genotypic and phenotypic ratios until F2 generation (Punnett square and branch/fork methods)

16.2 Modification of Mendelian Genetics
- Crosses that result in ratios differing from the classic Mendelian 3:1 and 9:3:3:1 ratios

16.2.1 Codominance
- Definition
- Examplke of inheritance: MN blood group in humans
- Calculations of genotypic and phenotypic ratios

16.2.2 Incomplete Doiminance
- Definition
- Example of inheritance : Antirrhinum (snapdragon) flower colour
- Calculations of genotypic and phenotypic ratios

16.2.3 Multiple Alleles
- Definition
- Example of inheritance: human ABO blood group
- Calcuylations of genotypic and phenotypic ratios

16.2.4 Lethal Genes
- Definition
- Example of inheritance: coat colour in mice
- Calculations of genotypic and phenotypic ratios

16.2.5 Polygenes
- Definition
- Example of inheritance: height in humans

16.2.6 Linked Genes
- Definition of linked genes and sex-linked genes
- Effect of crossing over on ratio of dihybrid crosses
- Parental and recombinant phenotypes
- Examples: Drosophila eye colour and haemophilia in humans
- Calculations of genotypic and phenotypic ratios
- Pedigree analysis
- Sex determination in humans

16.2.7 Epistasis
- Definition and examples only

16.3 Genetic Mapping
- Calculayions of distance between two loci based on percentage of cross-over
- Examples of calculations for Drosophila
-Determining the relative position of a gene on a chromosome based on percentage of cross-over

Monday, March 24, 2008

Secret Mission: Save The World

#The Earth is Sick now and we can sense it ourselves. The sun is burning, the sky is bare, but sometimes - whoops! Another storm came just between a BIG HOT DAY! Sometimes, rain came silently, yet created chaos as they causes floods. Mother Earth had been spinning for so many years, centuries, millenniums... but now, we could hear its cracking bones, and we feel it when the cracks are moving, creating earthquakes and sometimes, tsunami. The air which we had years ago, the one which Mother Earth provide to nourish us, was not here anymore... Because, we thought we are scientist, artist or whatever... by adding so many 'colours', 'chemicals' and what-so-ever. In history, people fights, for glory, for victory, for land, for wealth, for money... NOW, we had to fight for healthy. We are surrounded by sicknesses, bacterias and viruses... We are borned so clean, so pure... who can imagine we will die buried in polluted earth, burned into ashes that flows in pulluted air, or float across polluted water? WE SHOULD DO SOMETHING...

Hence, I think I must do the list which I had done to help the Earth. It's not that I had never done something good. It's like when you never set a target, you never know if you had done enough... We have to be getting better and better in doing this... so now I will start the campaign... In here and also my other site: Learners. I will try develop features so that each of you can contribute your ideas. Currently is about tips to Save The World (S.T.W.).#
This article is grabbed from my blog: Stories From A Weird Wizard. So this is it, The Earth is Sick, so we, the staff had agreed to start our S.T.W. Campaigh - Save The World Campaign. As the first step, we had a small widget on our site to let Learners know about some tips. We will update more feature to help the campaign into sucess. Keep up with the S.T.W. news which we will put into our sidebar on the right.

Wednesday, March 5, 2008

Les Choristes - French Trailer with English Subtitle

Now you can refer here:

Les Choristes

Les Choristes is a film with musics. It is about a group of boys left and abandoned by WWII and they are very hopeless and indeed they had no hope to their future. Then, there's another professor, a composer, who had gave up music. When he came to this school, Fand L'Etang, which homed the orphans, he, however, found a way to teach them - by music. Then, he started to teach them through music...

Medias:
@ English Trailer
@ French Trailer
@ French Trailer (English Subtitle)
@ Movie (English Subtitle)

* Thanks to Youtube and Google Video for the medias.

Les Choristes - French Trailer

This one does not only contain some songs but you can listen to some of the conversation.

Les Choristes - English Trailer

In this trailer you can know roughly the story and listen to some songs.

French

Basics:
Salutation Simple - Simple Greetings

Through Movies and Songs:
Les Choristes
Ratatouille

Wednesday, February 27, 2008

Phloem And Translocation (Under Construction)

Mass Flow/Pressure Flow Hypothesis (Münch model)

 bio
The diagram above shows the flow for a Münch model
*Please note that such drawing method is incorrect for reports, it is only for reference*
 
What happen in the model?
1. Due to concentration gradient, sugar solution will flow from Flask A towards Flask B.
2. This will increase turgor pressure/hydrostatics pressure in Flask B. 
3. Since the flask is closed, water is forced out of Flask B into the basin/beaker.
4. At the same time, water at the Flask A was forced into Flask A because of osmotic pressure in Flask A.
 
Application
1. In plants, the tube connecting the flasks will be phloem, while Flask A is the Leaf Part and Flask B is the Root Part.
2. And the tube connecting the beaker will be xylem.
3. The Leaf will have many nutrients(food/sugar) as the result of photosynthesis.
4. However, the concentration of sugar at the Root part will be lower but with water.
 
The Hypothesis
1.

Electro-osmosis




Cytoplasmic Streaming




Peristaltic Waves

Friday, February 22, 2008

Chapter 8 Syllabus

8.1 Animals

8.1.1 Cardiac Cycle
- Definition of systole and diastole
- Change in pressure and volume in aorta, left atrium and left ventricle

8.1.2 Control of heart beat
- Sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes
- Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves
- Detailed description of heart beat

8.1.3 Cardiovascular diseases
- Hypertension, arteriosclerosis and myocardial infarction
- Meaning, causes and prevention

8.2 Plants

8.2.1 Xylem and ascent of sap
- Uptake of water and ions by roots
- Root pressure and cohesion-tension theory
- Mechanism of transport based on water potential
- Pathways - apoplast, symplast and vacuole

8.2.2 Phloem and translocation
- Mass flow/pressure flow hypothesis(Münch model), electro-osmosis, cytoplasmic streaming and peristaltic waves
- Transport of dissolved organic substances in plants

Chapter 8: Transport

@ Syllabus
@ Cardiac Cycle
@ Phloem and Translocation

Wang, LeeHom


Image obtained from Wikipedia

Name List

M
Matthew Lewis


W

Wang, LeeHom

Overturning Momories To Reacquaint-Leehom Wang




从白嫩、阳光的「优质偶像」,蜕化为成就非凡的金曲歌王,王力宏逐年在音乐上所下的功夫扎实,所有歌迷有目共睹。对于这项优异的成绩,有人归功于他的运气,有人认为他努力获得响应,但在王力宏的心坎里,「把音乐当作终身事业来经营」是他成绩得以一日千里的不二法门。
From a delicate, sunshine "super idol" to a brilliant golden melody king, Leehom Wang's yearly down-to-earth musical efforts are witnessed by all fans. Regarding his excellent performance, some attribute his success to luck while some believe that his hard work paid off. But at the bottom of his heart, "engaging in music like it's a lifelong career" is his one and only way of leaping to success.


2岁--力宏想要当牛仔或是警察;
Age 2 - Leehom wanted to be a cowboy or cop

3岁--力宏对音乐感到兴趣;
Age 3 - Leehom develops an interest for music

6岁--上国小开始学习小提琴;
Age 6 - Started to learn how to play the violin in elementary school

7岁--在一个参加了一个小联盟打棒球,那年他的位置是投手;
Age 7 - Played as a pitcher for a baseball team

8岁--他开始学习钢琴,当力宏9岁,他的弟弟力凯出生了;
Age 8 - Started to learn how to play the piano. When Leehom was 9 years old his little brother Leekai was born

12岁-他进入中学,而且开始学习法文,同年他也加入了Rochester(罗契斯特) P.Y.O. ;
Age 12 - Entered middle school and started learning French. The same year he entered Rochester P.Y.O

15岁--力宏开始作他的音乐,写抒情歌曲,参与舞台剧「Briyadoor」;
Age 15 - Started making music, wrote sentimental songs, took part in the play "Briyadoor"

17岁--参与舞台剧「Hello Dolly」;
Age 17 - Took part in the play "Hello Dolly"

18岁--参与舞台剧「Kiss Me Kate」,他毕业于Monroe County Public High School,并且通过了Eastman Music School小提琴测验,同年9月,他进入了Williams College。
Age 18 - Took part in the play "Kiss Me Kate," graduated from Monroe County Public High School as well as passing the Eastman Music School violin test. In September of the same year he entered Williams College.


坚持尽其在我的原则
Persistent to the principle: do the best of your abilities

筑梦踏实、丝毫不好高鹜远,正和力宏自我要求的一面不谋而和。8岁时,他曾和哥哥一起做过报童的工作,兄 弟俩每天清晨,天还没亮就起床,不论大风大雪,风雨无阻地清晨7点前就要把报纸送到家家户户的门前,这个 工作,他们一起合作了7年,直到哥哥高中毕业,才停止这份工作。而他们还得了被报社表扬「最优良的报童」 的殊荣,并得到6,000元的奖学金。正因为这个打工经验,培养了力宏诚实、负责任、面对挑战的个性,生活 上,碰到的任何状况,始终坚持尽其在我的原则。

Reaching for a practical dream coincidentally concurs with Leehom's standards. When he was 8 years old he use to deliver newspapers with his older brother. The brothers would wake up before it was even bright. Rain or shine they had to deliver the newspapers to every household before 7am. They worked together on this job for 7 years, until his older brother graduated from high school.They also received the honor of being praised as the "best paper boys" by the newspaper office. In addition they received a $6,000 scholarship. The experience from this job has helped Leehom grow up to be honest and responsible and confront challenges. No matter what he runs into in life, he will always persist in doing the best of his abilities.


对音乐的热情
His passion for music

「我对日常生活中的任何声音,譬如说,人与人的交谈、电话铃声、车声、门铃声都可以转换成乐谱,我对 Sound的灵敏程度,连我自己都很讶异!」王妈妈亦称赞力宏从小对音乐的感觉和表现力,是比一般孩子强得 多,力宏在7岁到8岁时,学了2年的钢琴,后来因为老师要离开当地,妈妈又怀了弟弟,生活的忙碌,让他没有 再继续下去。高中时,王爸爸、王妈妈却常在深夜,被美丽的钢琴声吵醒。下楼之后,发现力宏一个人聚精会神 的在弹钢琴,弹得不是什么世界名曲,而是他临机一动的即兴曲子,他说:「这是他最relax的时候了」。或 许,正因为这与生俱来、对音乐的热情,「我早就认为自己一定会成为艺人!」,力宏肯定地说。

"For any sound in everyday life, such as conversations between people, telephone, cars, doorbell, I can change all of this into music. I'm even surprised myself by my sensitivity to sound." Mrs. Wang also praises Leehom. Ever since he was young, his feelings for music and performing was stronger than ordinary children. When Leehom was 7 or 8 years old he had learned to play the piano for 2 years. Later, because his teacher moved and his mother was pregnant with his little brother, a busy life prevented him from continuing. During high school, Mr. and Mrs. Wang was awakened in the middle of the night by beautiful piano melodies. When they went downstairs they found Leehom playing the piano attentively. What he was playing wasn't any world renowned song but something he composed on the spot. "This is when he's most relaxed." Perhaps he was born with this passion for music , "I have always believed that I would be a performer!" Leehom said with certainty.


踏上音乐的路
Setting foot on the road to music

选择走上音乐之路的力宏,在高中毕业之时即认真思考了自己的前途,在毛遂自荐主动出击的方式下,他寄了一 卷录像带给他的表叔李建复,内容今括他的舞台剧、合唱团、小提琴、钢琴、自弹自唱等等的才艺表演力宏回忆 着,「真的感谢表叔的赏识,他看了我的录像带后,就推荐给制作人-李寿全老师签了2年的合约」。1996年春 天,力宏正式在台湾发行了首张个人专辑-「情敌贝多芬」,学历高、气质佳又有偶像魅力的他,当下脱颖而出 在众多新人之中,成为佼佼者。这傲人的成绩,除了自己的努力,力宏说:大家的认同和肯定,是我最大的原动 力,所以,在未来的路上,他决定用行动来表达自己的谢意,且承诺,「我一定不会让你们失望的」。

Choosing to walk the road to music, Leehom seriously considered his future when he graduated from high school. He took the initiative to recommend himself, sending a video to his uncle Li Jian Fu. The video contained his plays, chorus, violin, piano, singing and playing, etc. performances. Leehom recalled, "I really thankful for my uncle's appreciation. When he saw my video he recommended it to Producer Li Shou Quan and a 2 year contract was signed."In the spring of 1996 Leehom officially released his debut album in Taiwan entitled, "Qing Di Bei Duo Fen" (Love Rival Beethoven). With a good academic record, excellent temperament and the charms of an idol, talent showed itself, making him stand out from the other newbies. This overbearing man's performance, besides being hardworking, Leehom said, "Everyone's acknowledgement and confirmation is my biggest motivation". Therefore, on the road that lied ahead, he decided to use action to express his gratitude. Moreover, he promised, "I definitely won't let you guys be disappointed."


渴望接触音乐从小开始
Desired music since young

王力宏出生于美国纽约州的Rochester城,从小生长在优渥富裕的环境,让王力宏身边不时充斥着爸妈小心翼翼 的呵护。谈起在自己生命中和「音乐」第一类接触的年纪,王力宏顿时不发一语,努力回想着这个值得纪念的日 子,从他的眼神里,不难发现那该是一个距离现在二十四岁非常遥远的年纪。「我记得在我三岁的时候,哥哥当时正开始和音乐老师学小提琴,我在哥哥身边常常看着他一个音阶一个音阶的 拉出旋律,很神奇很有感觉,于是我便吵着妈咪也要学小提琴。」在王妈妈拗不过他强硬的坚持下,赶紧贴心替 他订做一把「迷你小提琴」,展开王力宏在音乐路上的旅程。虽然当时只有三岁,王力宏连手指都小到根本无法 按琴把上的琴弦,不过对「学习音乐」的渴望,王力宏清楚知道那是他「主动」要求的。

Leehom was born in United States in the city of Rochester, New York. Growing in a well-off environment, Leehom was often under the protection and care of his parents. When talking about his first interaction with music and how old he was at that time, Leehom didn't speak and reminisced this day worthy of commemorating. From the look in his eyes, it's not hard to discover that it was an age far from his current age of 24. "I remember when I was 3 years old my older brother just started taking violin lessons. I would frequently watch him at the side playing a melody full of scales. It was very mysterious and sensational. Therefore I begged my mother to let me learn how to play the violin." Under his strong persistence, Mrs. Wang hurriedly made him a "mini violin," launching Leehom's journey on the road to music. Although he was only 3 years old at the time and his fingers were too small to press the strings, but his desire to "learn music," Leehom knew very clearly that he took the "initiative" to ask for it.


读医学读法律兴趣缺缺
Studying medicine, studying law, lack of interest

出生在医生家庭,王力宏有一位优秀的医生爸爸,同时还是医学院中的教授,在耳濡目染之下,从小一家人聚在 一块吃饭的时间,就是大家一起谈论医学、科学的时间。「哥哥遗传了爸爸,在学校的成绩优异,永远是我们那 一学区的个中翘楚。尤其他还得到美国布什总统的亲笔信函,只因为他当时类似大学联考的成绩,算是全国第一 高分。有时候父兄在饭桌上讨论着医药科学,我总是心不在焉,身边的妈咪看出端倪,一句『力宏,有没有注意 听?』还会让当时的我『粉』不悦。」对于哥哥无懈可击的读书成绩,王力宏虽倍感压力,不过他知道这是属于哥哥的路、哥哥的模式;同样的,他明 白自己也能如此一般的优秀,只不过从医、从法对他而言兴趣缺缺,只有对于音乐的热爱,才是他始终如一的人生标的。「我从国小开始,就常常和身边志同道合的好朋友一起针对老师的作业多加构思,人家都是规规矩矩交报告,我 偏偏爱与众不同。」常常将作业形式用音乐、表演的方式呈现,让老师同学对于王力宏留下深刻的印象。有时候,王力宏还会自定主题,邀好友一块编剧、配乐,然后表演给同学看,那种满足感王力宏引以自豪。

Being born in a family with a medical background, Leehom has an outstanding father, who is a doctor as well as a professor for a college of medicine. Influenced by his surroundings, when he was young, when his family gathered around the dinner table it was time for everyone to discuss medicine and science."My older brother inherited from my dad, his performance in school was excellent, always one of the most outstanding in the school. In particular, he also received a letter personally written by US President Bush's because his college entrance exam score regarded as the highest score in the country. Sometimes when my dad and brother talked about medicine at the dinner table I would be absent-minded. My mom would notice and as, 'Leehom, are you listening?' And would make me frown." Regarding his older brother's exceptional performance in school, Leehom was under pressure but he knew that this was his brother's path, his brother's method; at the same time he knew that he could be generally outstanding also except he didn't have any interest for medicine or law. His love for music was his only goal from the beginning to the end. "Since elementary school, along with my friends we would often counteract with the teacher's assignments and add some extra things. Everyone else would hand in their reports following the rules while I loved to be different from the others." Leehom left teachers and students a deep impression because use music and performance to do school work. Sometimes, Leehom would decide on a theme and invite his friends to make up a story with music that went along with it and perform it to other students. That sense of satisfaction made Leehom proud.


不停埋首乐曲功夫扎实
Always absorbed in music, skills are down-to-earth

随着年纪增长,王力宏的音乐表演也越发纯熟,从小提琴、钢琴,再到无师自通的吉他,多种乐器的精通让他顺利透过甄试进入了音乐学校Williams College,「从高中起,学校让我的音乐知识累积得相当迅速,上了大学和一群死党相互磋音乐理念,激发出不同的火花。」在大学四年的光阴里,王力宏演而优则导,担任了音乐剧的编剧、作曲甚至是音乐指导,问起王力宏为何在发片之后仍然不停埋头苦读,王力宏表示:「『学生歌手』的身分,让我的音乐表现更加丰硕,也造就了我如今能用音乐不断感动人的实力。」十五岁开始,王力宏将生活体认转化为串串音符,用音乐真实记录心情点滴。这项才能受到表叔李建复的欣赏, 将这位外型清秀、音乐底子深厚的表侄介绍给台湾知名音乐人李寿全,真正展开王力宏在台湾流行音乐界的发 展。在王力宏为第一张国语专辑走通告的时候,台湾的观众都以为他是一位害羞、不爱说话的歌手,王力宏回忆四年前表示,「其实天晓得我当时有多想表达我在音乐上的想法和歌迷一块分享,尤其当时的综艺节目只要歌手 抢话,镜头就会特别多,只是当时我的中文真的是一窍不通,连主持人的问题都听得迷迷糊糊,有一搭没一搭, 更别说完完整整的回答。」回想当时走通告一路下来有苦难言,不服输的自尊心作祟,他深觉中文要「轮转」是他此时刻不容缓、当务之急要做的功课。于是靠着一股热忱,王力宏到师大继续接受中文训练,并且在唱片公司 的协助下找了国语正音的老师来上课,扎实的一字一句慢慢吸收,总算弥补了心里的挫折感。当时我还是一个歌坛新人身分,不过却一连四个礼拜连着上『龙兄虎弟音乐教室』的单元,真的很感激当时的 制作单位以及菲哥给我机会,对一个新手来说,当时节目收视率之高,让为数不少的台湾观众认识我。」王力宏 心存感激的说,「当然除了菲哥、瓜哥之外,我也很感谢宗宪大哥对我的支持,我觉得他那颗热爱音乐的心和我 其实是不相上下的,因为每一次我上通告之前,他只要看我拿着吉他在后台哼哼唱唱,他一定会马上凑过来一块 共襄盛举」。当时靠「罗马拼音」土法炼钢的方式将上过的节目、主持人的大名记在笔记本内,王力宏细心的举动,让各节目 主持人对他多加疼爱,相对的减少了不少新人难免遇到的窘境。顶着「优质偶像」的封号,在福茂唱片的岁月 里,王力宏的音乐成绩虽然一直没有外型来的亮眼,不过他靠着一边在美国音乐学校进修,一边真实完整用音乐 记录生活的创作形式,让他的音乐修为越发成熟,他甚至在Williams College的毕业音乐剧里担任导演、编剧及 作曲。在毕业典礼当天,他终于见到了心目中的音乐偶像马友友,「马教授送我的一句毕业赠言,顿时让我的感 触良多,他用过来人的语气提醒我,『一个音乐人最重要的功课,是努力寻找到自己的声音』!」努力参悟这句 话其中的真谛,并且不断在音乐上尝试寻找自己的声音,王力宏融合了以往用音乐记录生活的创作形式,在「公 转自转」创作专辑中音乐表现一日千里,真正突破了过去的瓶颈,并且一举获得金曲奖的肯定。「得到金曲奖, 我想对一个音乐人来说真的是一种肯定与鼓励,不过毕竟这样的肯定是短暂的,持续在音乐上的努力和成绩才是 我现在和未来最重要的功课。」王力宏认真的说道。

Along with his age, Leehom's musical performance also improves more and more. From the violin to piano to teaching himself the guitar, his proficiency in various instruments allowed him to enter Williams College without a hitch. "Starting from high school, school had increased by musical knowledge tremendously. When I went to college I studied music with a gang of friends, arousing a different spark." Within those 4 years of college, Leehom performed and directed; writing a play, composing music as well as directing music. When asked why he still insisted on studying after releasing an album, Leehom expressed, "Being a 'student artist' allowed my musical performance to be richer and has developed the strength I have today to use music to touch people."Beginning at the age of 15, Leehom's life consisted of music notes, using music to record every drop of emotion. This talent received the admiration of his uncle Li Jian Fu, who introduced his refined and musically capable nephew to Taiwan's famous music man Li Shou Quan, officially unfolding Leehom's development in Taiwan's popular music field. When Leehom was promoting his debut Mandarin album, Taiwan audiences thought he was a shy singer who didn't speak much. Leehom recalled 4 years ago, "Actually, only God knew how much I wanted to express and share my thoughts on music with fans. Especially, at that time the entertainment programs would give you a lot of camera time except my Chinese back then was pretty bad. I could hardly make out the host's questions, I knew some but not others and I didn't answer completely." Recalling those days it was hard to speak of the difficulties. His pride, not accepting defeat, was mischievous, he really thought that to "accomplish" Chinese was something he needed to learn immediately, his highest priority. As a result, relying on enthusiasm, Leehom continued to receive Chinese lessons. In addition, with the help of his record company, he attended classes with a Mandarin pronunciation teacher, grasping every letter and word. At last he mended the frustration in his heart."At that time I was still a newbie in the music field but I was on "Long Xiong Fu Di Yin Yue Jiao Shi" (Older Brother Dragon Younger Brother Tiger Music Classroom) for 4 weeks in a row. I'm really grateful for the manufacturing unit and Fei Ge for giving me an opportunity. For a newbie, the high ratings of a program allowed many Taiwan spectators to get to know me." Leehom said with appreciation, "Of course besides Fei Ge and Gua Ge, I'm also very thankful for Zong Xian Ge's support. I think his love for music is equal to mine, because every time I'm preparing for a promotion, when he sees me singing and humming with a guitar backstage he would come over to collaborate." At that time he depending on "Romanized pinyin" to go on programs. He would write down the host's name in a notebook. Leehom's conscientious actions made each host love him even more. This helped him to avoid many embarrassing moments many newbies encountered. Carrying on the nickname "super idol," during his years with Fu Mao Record Company although his musical performance wasn't as flourishing as it seemed, but depending on his studies in America and the completing the production of using music to record his life, his music was embellished and more mature. He even acted as director, screenwriter, and composer for Williams College's graduation musical. On the day of graduation, he finally saw his idol Ma You You. "Professor Ma's words to me really gave me a stir. He warned me as an experienced person, 'A musician's most important homework is to strive to find their voice!'" Working hard to find the true meaning to this phrase and constantly trying to search for his own voice in music, Leehom blended his previous creations, which used music to record his life, into his "Gong Zhuan Xi Zhuan" (Revolution) and made tremendous progress in his music, officially breaking through his former bottleneck. Furthermore he raised the confirmation of winning at the Golden Melody Awards. "I think winning at the Golden Melody Awards is really a kind of confirmation and encouragement for a musician. But all in all this confirmation is short-lived, continuing to work hard on music and performance is my most important homework right now and in the future," Leehom said earnestly.


力宏自曝心路历程
Leehom talks about his experiences

力宏说:「很多人问我还这么年轻,就要承受唱片销售的压力,会不会很痛苦?其实最初并没有任何压力,因为 我也不知道台湾的乐迷可以接受我到怎么样的程度,也许是以前和哥哥竞争惯了,使得我相信人要有挑战才能进 步!而来台湾都是利用寒暑假,平时在学校除了练琴、上课外,其余的时间就用来创作,幸运的是可以在台湾发 行的唱片里唱自己的创作的歌,这种感觉真的很棒!「高中时,演歌舞剧终于当上了男主角,在台上有一段换衣服的戏,还要边跳舞边唱歌,没想到跳一跳裤子拉炼 松了,引起台下一阵掌声,自己还以为是表演的太好,获得热烈回响呢!不知怎么的我,一唱现场时会很紧张,刚出道的时候额头都会冒汗,结果发现,越紧张越唱不好,国庆表演那 天,爸妈和朋友制作人都在台下,我要上台前几乎紧张的神智不清。 许多人在青春期都肯定有自己的问题,我也不例外,我生长在一个医生家庭,爸爸哥哥都是医生,我的哥哥十分 杰出,从小到大都是前三名,高中毕业时因为成绩太优异,当时的总统柯林顿还特地致函勉励,有这样的哥哥虽 然觉得骄傲,但心里压力也很大,好象我怎么努力也追不上他,唯一让我有信心的就是音乐,那时很想做个音乐 人而不敢说,所以Teenage的时候常都是在大人的期望和自己的兴趣中摆荡着,现在觉得是自己没有信心,人该 要做想要做的事情,才会做得更好,也会变成一个比较快乐的人。 小时候的我很迟钝喔!虽然长大以后体育呱呱叫,但我们三兄弟小时候都是那种体育很拙的小孩,就是那种:球 来了!球打来了!碰一下打到脸的那一种,所以小时候上体育课都被同学笑的半死,然后长的瘦瘦小小,似乎脸 上就写着:拜托!球不要再打过来了! 高中的时候,妈妈管我们十分严格,出去玩要先报备,而且不能超过十二点,不过我老犯规,记得有一次最离 谱,朋友约我去看球赛,我们就上了公车,没想到比赛地点是在另一个城市,我们看完回来车子又拋锚,累得快 疯掉,回到家以经凌晨两点了,妈坐在客厅铁青着脸,我就想:完啦!完啦!果然.....我整整被罚了一个月的门 禁。我是一个很钻牛角尖的人,一个作品还没有修好前,我是无法走出房间的,我在波士顿盖了间录音室,我可以待 在那边好几天,那房间一边是我的床,其它的就是满满的录音器材,我可以封闭好几天,如果碰到不满意,我会 难过一整天,非常不舒服,你从外面就可以听到我的长吁短叹,不过做出满意作品,你会看到我像疯子一样乐不可支。」

Leehom said, "Many people have asked me if it was difficult to undertake the pressures of album sales at such a young age. Actually at first I wasn't under any pressure at all because I wasn't sure how well Taiwan fans would accept me. Perhaps I was use to it from competing with my older brother, causing me to believe that humans need challenges to improve! And I took advantage of winter and summer break to come to Taiwan. Usually besides practicing instruments and attending classes, the remaining time was used for composing. I was lucky enough to be able to sing my own composition in my album released in Taiwan, this feeling is awesome!"During high school, I finally got to be the male lead for a musical. There was a scene where I had to change clothes while singing and dancing. I never imagined that the zipper to my pants would unzip while dancing. This aroused a round of applauses. And I thought I received a warm response because of my great performance!When singing live I would become really nervous. When I first debuted, my forehead would be full of sweat. I then found that the more nervous I was the worse I sang. On National Day, my parents, friends and manager were below the stage. Before getting on stage I was so nervous everything was a blur. Many people have their own problems during their teenage years and I wasn't an exception. I grew up in a family of doctors, both my dad and older brother are doctors. My older brother is remarkable, he was always top 3. When he graduated from high school, because of his stellar performance, he received a special letter of endeavor from the president at that time. Although I was proud of having a brother like that, but I was under a lot of pressure. It was like no matter how hard I tried I couldn't catch up to him. The only thing that gave me confidence was music. At that time I really wanted to be a musician but I didn't dare speak. So during the teenage years one would often see themselves stuck between the expectations of adults and their own interests. Now I think I didn't have confidence. People should do what they want to do in order to do it good. And they will also become happier people.When I was young I was very slow! Although after I grew up I was better at sports, but when my brothers and I were young, we were the type of children who were clumsy. 'The ball is coming! Hit the ball' And then it hits your face, that kind. So when I went to P.E. class my classmates would always laugh at me. And then I was thin and small, it was like I had 'Please! Don't hit the ball over here!' on my face.In high school, mom was very strict with us. We had to report before going out and we had to be back by 12 o'clock. But I would always break the rules. I remember the worst time was when my friends invited me to see a ball game. We got on a bus, not thinking that the location of the game was in another city. When we came back after the game, the bus broke down and I was tired to death. When I got home it was already 2 o'clock in the morning. My mom was sitting in the guest room looking furious and I thought: 'I'm done for! Done for!' In the end...I was punished from going out for an entire month. I'm a person who gets myself into a dead end. Before a work is finished, I am unable to leave the room. I established a recording studio in Boston and I can stay there for a good few days. One side of the room is my bed and everything else is recording devices. I can shut myself in for a few days. If I come across dissatisfaction I bother me for the whole day, it's very uncomfortable. You can hear me groaning and moaning from outside. But when I produce a satisfying piece of work, you will see that I'm like a nutcase overwhelmed with happiness."


力宏的学校Berklee
Leehom's School: Berklee

「波士顿有十一所大学,大部份都是学生,居民都是年轻人,是个很有学问,充满活力与梦想的城市」, Leehom说。Berklee音乐学院(Berklee College of Music)是世界上最大的一所独立音乐院校和首屈一指的当代音乐研究 中心,共有3,000多名学生及375多名教师,使Berklee音乐学院如同一个充满生气的音乐城。在此,聚集了来 自世界各地的音乐家和此界的专业菁英,加上学院本身的完善的设备,提供了全方位的学习经验,也增添了您音 乐生涯的契机与挑战。 学院自1945年成立以来,主要的目标之一始终是希望藉由音乐界的互动,能促进世界间的相互了解。为此, Berklee在致力推展海外学术计划的同时,也鼓励国际间各流派的音乐界人士来波士顿交流学习。 多年的努力,使Berklee成为一所名扬四海的音乐学府。在美国所有四年制的私立大学中,Berklee的外国学生 比例最高--有将近40%--学生来自70多个不同的国家。 Berklee音乐学院主要提供有十二门主修:Music Production and Engineering(音乐制作与录音工程)、Film Scoring (影片配乐)、Music Business / Management (音乐商业管理)、Composition(古典式作曲)、 Music Synthesis(合成音乐)、Music Education (音乐教育)、Music Therapy(音乐治疗)、Performance(表 演艺术)、Jazz Composition (爵士乐作曲)、Contemporary Writing and Production (当代音乐写作与编 曲)、Song Writing (歌曲创作)、以及独特的Professional Music (专业音乐人)主修。 学生们在此有许多的机会广泛地接触不同音乐风格,包括有:爵士乐、蓝调、摇滚乐、流行音乐、现代古典音 乐、以及世界各地的风俗音乐等等。Berklee音乐学院位于历史悠久的波士顿Back Bay,校园包括了十一栋建筑物,新的校舍扩大计划也仍在进行 中。在音乐制作与录音工程系里有十个具专业水准的录音室,学习中心和各系工作室里共有约100座的MIDI工 作台,以及数百种不同的合成器供使用。影片配乐系里也有六间作曲/剪辑室。拥有1,220个座位的演艺厅 (Berklee Performance Center)是美国东部最完善的音乐厅之一,每年有130多场师生演奏会,和各方的名 家音乐会在此举行;另外的四个音乐厅每年也有450多场的演出盛况。平时在校园里,有40间演奏室和250多间 个人练习室提供学生们排练的需要。Berklee音乐学院最珍贵的资产之一是它的师资阵容,由350多名资深的音乐家和教育家组成,包括有木管乐系 主椅/萨克斯风演奏家Bill Pierce、歌唱家Mili Bermejo、编曲家/制作人Richard Evans、制作人/多种器乐演 奏家Al Kooper、钢琴家/作曲家Joanne Brackeen、打击乐演奏家Dave Samuels、制作人/萨克斯风名家 Walter Beasley。学院的副校长由曾获得Grammy(葛来美奖)的打击乐演奏家Gary Burton担任。许多当代杰 出的音乐工作者都曾一度是Berklee的学子:Gary Burton、名制作人Quincy Jones、Steely Dan里的 Donald Fagen、吉他手John Scofield和Steve Vai、Aerosmith的鼓手Joey Kramer、流行歌手Bruce Hornsby、作曲家Branford Marsalis、萨克斯风名家Joe Lovano、和刚获1998年Grammy奖的新进歌手/键 盘手Paula Cole。多位来自中国和台湾的音乐界名人也曾在Berklee进修过,如歌唱家朱明英、钢琴演奏/编曲 人洪筠惠等。

"There are 11 colleges in Boston. Most of the people are students and the residents are young adults. It's a very educational city full of energy and dreams," said Leehom.Berklee College of Music is the world's largest independent music college and the premier institution for the study of contemporary music. The college contains more than 3,000 students and more than 375 faculty members who interact in an environment designed to provide the most complete learning experience possible, including all of the opportunities and challenges presented by a career in the contemporary music industry.Since it's establishment in 1945, one of its primary goals has been to foster international understanding through the medium of contemporary music. Young musicians come to Berklee from every corner of the earth to study music, and as a result, Berklee is a uniquely international college. Of all U.S. colleges and universities, Berklee has the largest percentage of undergraduate students from outside the U.S.—26 percent—representing more than 70 countries.Berklee offers students 12 majors: Music Production and Engineering, Film Scoring, Music Business / Management, Composition, Music Synthesis, Music Education , Music Therapy, Performance, Jazz Composition, Contemporary Writing and Production, Song Writing to Professional Music. At Berklee students have many opportunities to experience an extensive range of music styles including: jazz, blues, rock and roll, popular music, modern classical as well as music styles of the world and more. Berklee College of Music is located in Boston's historic Back Bay neighborhood, which includes in 11 buildings and plans for expansion are already in progress, Berklee's facilities include ten professionally equipped recording studios, more than 100 MIDI-equipped workstations and hundreds of synthesizers. The Film Scoring Department houses six fully equipped film/video scoring and editing labs. The 1,200-seat Berklee Performance Center (BPC), one of the East Coast's finest concert halls, is the site of more than 130 student and faculty concerts each year. The BPC is also the site of numerous performances presented by major concert promoters. In its other four recital halls, Berklee presents over 450 student concerts a year. Berklee students also have access to 40 ensemble rooms and more than 250 private practice rooms.One of Berklee College of Music's most precious assets is it's teachers and staff, made up of more than 350 experience musicians and teachers, including saxophonist Bill Pierce, vocalist Mili Bermejo, arranger/producer Richard Evans, producer/multi-instrument player Al Koopoer, pianist/composer Joanne Brackeen, vibraphonist Dave Samuels, producer/saxophonist Walter Beasley. The college's vice president is Gary Burton, former Grammy Award winner. Many famous musicians were students of Berklee including Gary Buron, producer Quincy Jones, Donald Fagen of Steely Dan, guitarist Jogn Scofield and Steve Vai, Aerosmith's drummer Joey Kramer, popular singer Bruce Hornsby, composer Branford Marsalis, saxophonist Joe Lovano, and 1998 Grammy Award winner singer/songwriter Paula Cole. Many artists from China and Taiwan's music world have also studied at Berklee such as vocalist Zhu Ming Ying, pianist/composer Hong Yun Hui, etc.


source: 力宏最速报

Thursday, February 14, 2008

University Application

# 2008 Malaysia Local University Application - STPM 2007 Candidates

2008 Malaysia Local University Application

This is for STPM 2007 Candidates

1. Go to www.mohe.gov.my

2. Choose the 'STPM 2007' option and click.



3. Click 'Permohonan'.




4. Fill in your IC number, ID and put in password which requires the two blanks to be the same and then click 'Masuk'.




Wednesday, February 13, 2008

Nanyang Technological University (NTU)

Details:

Location: Singapore

Contacts:

Web Site: Nanyang Technological University

Nanyang Technological University
50 Nanyang Avenue,
Singapore 639798

Tel: (65) 67911744
Fax: (65) 67911604

News about NTU:
Coming Soon

*certain informations are taken from NTU homepage*

Universities

These are the lists for Universities which we will update its news as soon as possible. Click for the link for each university's details. We are listing the universities according to country.

Malaysia

Singapore
National University of Singapore
Nanyang Technological University

Others

National University of Singapore (NUS)

Details:

Location: Singapore

Contacts:

Web Site: National University of Singapore

Office of Admissions
National University of Singapore
Level 1, Block E3A
7 Engineering Drive 1
Singapore 117574

Operating hours:

Mondays to Thursdays: 8.30am to 6.00pm
Fridays: 8.30am to 5.30pm
Closed on Saturdays, Sundays and Public Holidays

Phone: (65) 6516 1010
Fax: (65) 6778 7570

From Malaysia, please dial 02-6516 1010.
Fax: 02-6778 7570

News about NUS:
Coming Soon

*certain informations are taken from NUS homepage*

Saturday, February 9, 2008

Kreb's Cycle


1. Kreb's Cycle was first worked out by Sir Hans Krebs in 1937.
2. It is also called the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle or Citric Cycle.
3. Kreb's Cycle also take place in aerobic conditions.
4. Pyruvate will give out CO2, converting NAD+ to NADH and react with Coenzyme A to form Acetyl Coenzyme A.
5. Acetyl Coenzyme A react with Oxaloacetate to form Citrate, catalysed by citrate synthetase enzyme.
6. Citrate rearrange itself to become isocitrate, catalysed by Aconitase enzyme.
7. Oxidative decarboxylation of isocitric acid produces alpha-ketoglutaric acid. CO2 is released, NAD+ is converted into NADH.
8. Oxidative decarboxylation of alpha-ketoglutaric acid will produce succinic acid. CO2 and NADH formedGTP is produced before hydrolysed into GDP, producing energy which is used for phosphorylation of ADP to ATP.
9. Succinate oxidised to fumarate. FADH2 is formed from FAD.
10. Fumarate is hydrated to malate.
11. Malate is oxidised to produce oxaloacetate again. NAD+ is converted to NADH.
12. The whole cycle began again.

Importance of Kreb's Cycle
1. Forms 6C compound (citrate) that can be oxidised to produce CO2, reduced coenzyme and energy.
2. Produces NADH and FADH2.
3. Forms GTP.
4. Synthesise substances such as amino acids, glycerol, chlorophyll and fatty acids.

Chapter 5: Respiration

@ Syllabus
@ Kreb's Cycle

Friday, February 8, 2008

Chapter 5 Syllabus

5.1 Aerobiosis

5.1.1 Glycolysis
- Glucose phosphorylation, fructose diphosphate production
- Splitting into phosphoglyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone phosphate
- Conversion of phosphoglyceraldehyde to pyruvate and production of ATP and NADH
- Substrate level phosphorylation

5.1.2 Kreb's Cycle/ Tricarboxylic acid cycle/citric acid cycle
- Formation of acetyl coenzyme A, formation of citrate, reformation of oxaloacetate from citrate via alpha-ketoglutarate and succinate, with emphasis on the formation of NADH, FADH2 and GTP, and release of carbon dioxide
- Calculations of total ATP production

5.1.3 Electron transport system
- Electron flow from NADH/FADH2 via flavoprotein, coenzyme Q and cytochrome to oxygen with the production of ATP and water
- Effects of inhibitors (cyanide and carbon monoxide)

5.2 Anaerobiosis
- Differences between plants and animals: ethanol production in plants and lactic acid production in animals
- Use of fermentation in industry with examples

Monday, February 4, 2008

Jobs Openings

Learners is still an incomplete site. Therefore, we need to improve our site to ensure its future. However, we do need some helpers around to complete the site. These are positions we need at the moment and at the moment, these jobs are still for volunteers.

SPM Notes Provider:
Those who are clear about SPM syllabus are qualified. You must know the most recent syllabus and format of SPM and provide suitable notes and tips. Command in English needn't to be too expert since we can use programmes to check that back but you must be determined to provide as many notes and possible. Send an e-mail to tell us about which subjects or portions you wish to be.

For this post, please contact: mafer dot seow dot wayn at gmail dot com

STPM Notes Provider:
Those who are very sure with STPM format and syllabus. You must know the actual form of STPM and is ready to provide suitable notes and tips. Determination is needed. Send an e-mail to tell us about which subjects or portions you wish to be.

For this post, please contact: mafer dot seow dot wayn at gmail dot com

University Information Team:
You must be very recent about local or overseas universities. You need to be always updated with informations about courses, tests and applications. You are allowed to extend your team by putting in announcement for education fair, talk and more... etc.

For this post, please contact: mafer dot seow dot wayn at gmail dot com

Saturday, February 2, 2008

Chapter 3: Control in Cells

@ Syllabus

Chapter 3 Syllabus

3.1 Enzymes
- Definition and properties of enzymes

3.1.1 Catalysis and activation energy
- Meaning of catalysis
- Lowering of activation energy by enzymes in a reaction

3.1.2 Mechanism of action and kinetics
- Lock-and-key model, affinity and Michaelis-Menten constant and Lineweaver-Burk plot

3.1.3 Cofactors: metalions activator, coenzymes and prosthetic groups
- Definition. examples and action

3.1.4 Inhibitors: competitive and non-competitive
- Definition, examples and action

3.1.5 Classification
- Major types according to IUB system: hydrolases, lyases, transferases, isomerases, ligases/synthetases, oxydoreductases; examples of reactions

3.1.6 Technology: enzyme immobilisation and biosensing
- Meaning and examples of uses

3.2 DNA and protein synthesis

3.2.1 DNA as genetic material
- Experiment of Avery and colleagues

3.2.2 Gene concept, one-gene-one-polypeptide hypothesis
- Experiment of Beadle and Tatum

3.2.3 DNA replication
- Experiment of Meselson and Stahl
- Process involved

3.2.4 Protein synthesis
- Transcription: processes of mRNA production
- Translation: processes of polypeptide production

Chapter 23: Variation and Theory of Evolution

@ Syllabus

Chapter 23 Syllabus

23.1 Variation
- Definition and importance

23.1.1 Continuous and discontinuous variation
- Definition, differences and examples

23.1.2 Source
i) Genetic
- Sexual reproduction
- Random assortment of homologous chromosomes during meiosis
- Crossing-over, chromosome mutation, gene mutation, polygenes, dominant and recessive gene/alleles

ii) Environment
- Factors and influences

23.2 Selection
- Definition, description, importance and examples

23.2.1 Natural Selection
- Stabilising selection
- Directional selection
- Disruptive selection
- Sexual selection
- Polymorphism

23.2.2 Artificial Selection
- Breeding of farm animals and crop plants
- Controlled/selective breeding (inbreeding, outbreeding)
- Human and animal sperm banks

23.3 Speciation
- Definition, description, importance and examples

23.3.1 Concept of species
- Problems in defining species

23.3.2 Speciation process
- Formation of new species
- Isolation, genetic drift, hybridisation and adaptive radiation

23.4 Evolution
23.4.1 Lamarck's Theory
-Theory and examples

23.4.2 Darwin-Wallace's Theory
- Theory and examples

23.4.3 Evidence supporting theory of evolution
- Paleontology
- Geographical distribution
- Comparative anatomy
- Comparative embryology
- Biochemistry
- DNA homology

Chapter 25: Quantitative Ecology

@ Syllabus

@ Wind and Water

Chapter 25 Syllabus

25.1 Population ecology
- Biotic potential
- Natality
- Mortality
- Migration
- Survivorship
- r and K strategies
- Population growth
- Factors limiting population size and distribution
- Liebig's law
- Shelford's law

25.2 Applied ecology
- Carrying capacity
- Management and conservation of ecosystems
- Sustainable development; examples: forestry, agriculture and fishery

25.3 Quantitative methods

25.3.1 Sampling theories
- Definition, description, importance and examples

i) Central limit theorem
- Practical application

ii) Optimum sample size
- Practical application

25.3.2 Types of estimation
- Examples and calculations

--> Sampling methods
- Quadrat
- Line transect
- Belt Transect
- Capture-recapture/mark-release-recapture method

25.3.4 Sampling parameters
- Frequency
- Density
- Coverage

Chapter 24: Ecosystem

@ Syllabus

@ Important Concepts of Ecology

Chapter 24 Syllabus

24.1 Organisation of Life
- Concept, hierarchy and interaction

24.1.1 Components of life: organisms, populations and communities, ecosystems, biomes and biospheres
- Definition and examples
- Emphasis on dynamism of ecosystems

24.1.2 Niche and habitat

24.2 Biogeochemical cycles
- Sulphur and phosphorus cycles

24.3 Energy
- First and second law of thermodynamics

24.3.1 Flow
- Definition, one example of ecosystem: pond/forest

24.3.2 Transfer
- Efficiency of energy transfer by producers, consumers and composers
- One example of ecosystem: pond/forest

Operon

1. Structural gene is a gene coding a polypeptide.
2. A group of genes in prokaryotes that is regulated and expressed together is known as operon.
3. Besides the structural genes, an operon also include a promoter and operator.
4. Regulator is not included in an operon but it exists to regulate the genes.
5. There are two kinds of operons:
(i) inducible operons: Lactose operon
--> it is stimulated or induced when an inducer interacts with a regulatory protein
(ii) repressible operons: Tryptophan operon
--> its transcription id inhibited when a repressor binds allosterically to a regulatory protein.

Experiment of Jacob and Monod

1. Earliest experiment about gene regulation and expression study was studied by Francois Jacob and Jacques Monod in 1940s.
2. It's about syntheis of enzymes by Escherichia coli bacteria in a culture medium.
3. First, they cultured Escherichia coli in a medium containing glucose as respiratory substrate. Their growth is in a fast rate.
4. Then, the bacteria are transferred into a lactose medium, where lactose is the respiratory medium.
5. It is found that their growth rate is slow at first. But then, the rate resumes to normal after some time.

Learn With Wiki

Recently, we had updated our notes with extreme speed, with the time we have. And most of all, Leaners are now able to enjoy their progress of learning through Wikipedia. We had completed each notes with links to related Wikipedia page so that Learners can visit those extra pages as a reference or extra knowledge. There will be pictures and detailed information which is vital for certain subjects because you just sometimes need to know-it-all.

Symptoms of AIDS

1. Unexplained weight loss (more than 10%)
2. Prolonged fever
3. Chronic and persistent diarrhoea
4. Chronic cough
5. Swollen lymph nodes (neck, armpits or groin)
6. Recurrent Herpes zoster infection, viral infection of the nerves and appears as blisters on skin
7. Candidiasis of mouth and throat, caused by fungus, easily destroyed by healthy person's defense system.
8. Recurring herpes simplex infection, skin viral infection, often as blisters around mouth or genitals.
9. Disease associated with collapse of the immune system such as Kaposi sarcoma (rare form of blood cancer, purple lesions of the skin) and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (infection of lungs by parasite)

Chapter 12: Immunity

@ Syllabus
@ Symptoms of AIDS

Chapter 12 Syllabus

12.1 Antibody, antigen, epitope, cell-mediated response, humoral immune response.
- Definition and description

12.2 Lymphatic System
- Organisation of lymphatic system and formation of lymphatic fluid
- Relationship between lymphatic system and immunity

12.3 Development of immunity
- Roles of macrophages, T cells and B cells
- Mechanism of cell-mediated response (T cell) and humoral immune response (plasma cell)

12.4 Concept of self and non-self
- Foreign tissue/graft rejection by the body
- Application of concept in medicine (organ transplant)

12.5 Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
- Causes, causing agent (HIV), symptoms and prevention of AIDS
- Mechanism of HIV infection

Friday, February 1, 2008

Chapter 19: Gene Regulation and Expression

@ Syllabus
@ Operon
@ Experiment of Jacob and Monod

Chapter 19 Syllabus

Lactose Operon

- Experiment of Jacob and Monod

- Induced and constitutive enzyme production

- Components of lactose operon and function of each component
--> Component of regulator genes: an inducer, a promoter and an operator
--> Components of structural genes: genes Z, Y and A

- Effect of presence or absence of lactose on lactose operon

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Thursday, January 31, 2008

Dasar Luar Negara

@ Hubungan Malaysia dengan Britain dan Pendirian terhadap Komanwel (CHOGM)

Sistem Kehakiman Malaysia

@ Atur Cara Kes Sivil di Mahkamah Tinggi dan Mahkamah Rendah
Mahkamah Juvenil

Dasar Dalam Negara

@ Dasar Perindustrian Berat
@ Dasar Ekonomi Baru
@ Rukun Negara

Chapter 7: Gaseous Exchange

@ Syllabus

Chapter 6: Nutrition

@ Syllabus

STPM General Paper

*Sistem Kehakiman Malaysia
*Dasar Dalam Negara
*Dasar Luar Negara

STPM Biology

* Chapter 1: Basic Chemistry of a Cell
* Chapter 2: Structure of Cells and Organells
* Chapter 3: Control in Cells
* Chapter 4: Photosynthesis
* Chapter 5: Respiration
* Chapter 6: Nutrition
* Chapter 7: Gaseous Exchange
* Chapter 8: Transport
* Chapter 9: Homeostasis
* Chapter 10: Nervous System
* Chapter 11: Hormone or Chemical Coordination
* Chapter 12: Immunity
* Chapter 13: Reproduction
* Chapter 14: Development
* Chapter 15: Growth
* Chapter 16: Transmission Genetics
* Chapter 17: Mutation
* Chapter 18: Population Genetics
* Chapter 19: Gene Regulation and Expression
* Chapter 20: Modern Genetics Technology
* Chapter 21: Taxonomy
* Chapter 22: Biodiversity
* Chapter 23: Variation and the Theories of Evolution
* Chapter 24: Ecosystem
* Chapter 25: Quantitative Ecology

Capter 7 Syllabus

7.1 Animals

7.1.1 Gaseous exchange in mammals
- Processes and structures involved
- Haemoglobin
- Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide
- Partial pressure and Bohr effect
- Oxygen dissociation curves

7.1.2 Breathing Cycle
- Mechanism of breathing control
- Chemoreceptor
- Tidal volume, vital capacity, total lung capacity, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, residual volume

7.2 Plants

7.2.1 Stomata
- Structure and functions
-Mechanism of stomatal opening and closing based on the starch-sugar hypothesis and K+ ions accumulation hypothesis

Chapter 6 Syllabus

6.1 Autotroph

6.1.1 Chemosynthesis
- Concept with examples

6.1.2 Photosynthesis
- Refer topic 4 (Photosynthesis)
- Brief description of photosynthesis in bacteria

6.2 Heterotroph
- Concept with examples

6.2.1 Holozoic

6.2.2 Saprophytic

6.2.3 Parasitic

Tuesday, January 29, 2008

Notes

We had updated notes in Learners and it's in the STPM Notes Corner. Please be free to refer to it and post in comments about the notes so that we can improve them as much as we can to make our site useful. Until now, notes we had is for General Paper in STPM.

Saturday, January 26, 2008

Mahkamah Juvenil

1. Diwujudkan di bawah Akta Mahkamah Juvana 1947 (Akta 90).

2. Berkuatkuasa di Semenanjung Malaysia (1949), Sabah (1972) dan Sarawak (1986).

3. Dikenali Mahkamah Kanak-kanak di bawah Akta Kanak-kanak 2001 (Akta 611).
4. - Seperti dalam Akta Umur Dewasa 1971 (Akta 21), “kanak-kanak”
merujuk kepada mereka yang berumur kurang daripada 18 tahun.

- “Juvana” – seseorang yang telah mencapai umur bagi tanggungjawab
jenayah yang telah ditetapkan di bawah Seksyen 28 Kanun Keseksaan
dan di bawah umur 18 tahun.

* Seksyen 82 Kanun Keseksaan: Perbuatan kanak-kanak yang berumur
kurang daripada 10 tahun.

Mahkamah ini membicarakan kes-kes melibatkan kanak-kanak berumur 10 – 18 tahun, di mana “kanak-kanak” merujuk kepada mereka yang berumur di bawah 14 tahun dan “orang muda” kepada mereka yang berumur 14 – 18 tahun, kecuali kes-kes yang melibatkan hukuman mati.

5. Dalam mahkamah:
- perkataan “sabitan” dan “hukuman” tidak digunakan.
- tempat: Mahkamah Majistret.
- bersidang pada tempat/hari yang berlainan daripada persidangan
mahkamah lain.
- maklumat peribadi kanak-kanak (nama, gambar, tempat tinggal)
dilarang disiarkan/didedahkan oleh media.

6. Antara tindakan yang biasa diambil oleh Mahkamah Juvenil:
- Diberi amaran dan dilarang melakukan kesalahan
- Dibebaskan dengan ikat jamin
- Diletakkan di bawah jagaan saudara mara
- Dihantar ke Pusat Pemulihan Akhlak atau Sekolah Henry-Gurney
sehinggan mencapai 21 tahun

7. Antara kuasa tindakan yang dikenakan terhadap kanak-kanak:
- Didenda
- Ibu bapa diperintah menyempurnakan bon menjaga kanak-kanak itu
- Dihantar ke Pusat Pemulihan

8. Tidak terbuka kepada orang ramai (melinbdungi pesalah daripada publisiti)

9. Pesalah budak-budak tidak akan dipenjarakan. Kesalahan tidak akan
dicatatkan.

10. Terdiri daripada:
- satu Majistret Kelas I
° Beliau mengendalikan perbicaraan dan membuat keputusan
dan dibantu
- dua penasihat/pengapit yang bukan merupakan ahli undang-undang
° Wilayah Persekutuan: dipilih oleh Menteri Pembangunan
Wanita, Keluarga dan Masyarakat
° Negeri: dipilih oleh ketua negeri dari senarai nama
cadangan Kerajaan Negeri
° Salah seorang mestilah wanita

11. Mahkamah tidak dibenarkan menjatuhkan hukuman mati ke atas kanak-kanak di bawah Akta Kanak-kanak 2002, Seksyen 97.

12. Rayuan terhadap keputusan Mahkamah Kanak-kanak boleh dibuat di Mahkamah Tinggi.

Atur Cara Kes Sivil di Mahkamah Tinggi dan Mahkamah Rendah

  1. Kes sivil merangkumi tindakan undang-undang yang diambil oleh seseorang individu (plaintif) untuk mendakwa orang lain (defendan) yang telah melanggar hak-haknya.
  2. Contoh-contoh kes sivil ialah pencerobohan, kegagalan membayar balik hutang atau menepati janji, fitnah, kecuaian dan tuntutan pampasan.
  3. Lazimnya, perbicaraan di Mahkamah Tinggi dimulakan apabila pihak plaintif berjaya mendapat writ.
  4. Writ – dokumen rasmi yang digunakan oleh Hakim Besar untuk meminta defendan menghadirkan diri di mahkamah. Dalam writ, dinyatakan siapakah pihak plaintif dan pihak defendan.
  5. Sekiranya pihak defendan gagal menghadirkan diri, keputusan mungkin dibuat tanpa kehadirannya.
  6. Pengesahan tuntutan oleh pihak plaintif terdapat dalam writ.
  7. Seterusnya, writ diserahkan kepada pihak defendan secara langsung atau kepada peguamnya.
  8. Sekiranya kedua-dua cara tersebut tidak dapat dilaksanakan, writ boleh ditampalkan di bangunan kediaman pihak defendan atau diiklankan dalam akhbar tempatan yang difikirkan sesuai oleh mahkamah.
  9. Pihak defendan boleh melawan writ tersebut dengan menghadirkan diri ke mahkamah dalam tempoh masa yang ditetapkan. Dia boleh memilih sama ada untuk menuntut perbicaraan atau tidak menuntut perbicaraan.
  10. Sekiranya pihak defendan menuntut perbicaraan, dia perlu menyakinkan mahkamah bahawa terdapat alasan belaan terdiri terhadap sesuatu tuntutan. Pihak defendan boleh juga membuat tuntutan balasan.
  11. Sekiranya pihak defendan tidak menuntut perbicaraan, pihak plaintif boleh menuntut keputusan segera daripada mahkamah.
  12. Setiap keputusan yang dibuat oleh hakim mestilah dipatuhi oleh pihak defendan. Jika didapati bersalah, hakim lazimnya juga memerintahkan pihak defendan membayar kos perbicaraan.

Langkah-langkah Mencapai Perpaduan

1. Dasar-dasar kerajaan mengenai perpaduan nasional adalah bersifat integrasi, iaitu melalui penyesuaian bersama berbagai-bagai kebudayaan dan ciri-ciri sosial yang dapat diterima oleh semua kumpulan etnik dalam negara kita.
2. Selain daripada memupuk perpaduan antara kaum, kerajaan juga menitikberatkan integrasi antara wilayah, terutamanyadi antara Semenanjung Malaysia, Sabah dan Sarawak.
3. Antara usaha yang telah diambil:
(a) Rukun Negara (ideologi kebangsaan)
(b) Dasar ekonomi baru
(c) Dasar Pendidikan Kebangsaan
(d) Dasar Kebudayaan Kebangsaan
(e) Bahasa Kebangsaan (Bahasa Melayu)
(f) Penubuhan Jabatan Perpaduan Negara
(g) Pergabungan parti-parti politik melalui Barisan Nasional
(h) Integrasi antara wilayah

Rukun Negara

1. Diisytiharkan pada 31 Ogos 1970, merupakan ideologi kebangsaan negara kita bagi menimbulkan semangat dan identiti yang sama.
2. Prinsip-prinsip:
(a) Kepercayaan kepada Tuhan
(b) Kesetiaan kepada Raja dan Negara
(c) Keluhuran Perlembagaan
(d) Kedaulatan Undang-undang
(e) Kesopanan dan Kesusilaan
3. Tujuan: mewujudkan negara yang bersatu padu, adil, demokratik, liberal dan progresif.
4. Maksud-maksud Prinsip Rukun Negara:
(I) Rakyat Malaysia mengakui bahawa kuasa Tuhan melebihi sebarang tenaga lain. Islam sebagai agama Persekutuan tetapi agama lain boleh dianuti rakyat. Secara umumnya, orang yang pegang kuat pada ajaran agama akan mempunyai peribadi dan sifat-sifat yang baik.
(II) YDPA ialah lambang perpaduan negara. Rakyat mesti taat setia kepada baginda dan negara. Kesetiaan dapat menyatupadukan rakyat.
(III) Rakyat menghormati dan mematuhi Perlembagaan (undang-undang tertinggi).
(IV) Keadilan dalam masyarakat dijamin undang-undang.
(V) Rakyat Malaysia bertolak ansur, bertimbang rasa dan berkelakuan baik.

Dasar Ekonomi Baru

1. Dasar Ekonomi Baru (1971-1990), bertujuan membetulkan ketidakseimbangan ekonomi yang wujud antara kaum dan wilayah bagi mencapai perpaduan.
2. Tujuan: memupuk perpaduan negara melalui pengagihan pendapatan dan peluang-peluang ekonomi yang saksama di kalangan rakyat.
3. Dilaksanakan melalui strategi serampang dua mata, iaitu pembasmian kemiskinan tanpa mengira kaum dan penyusunan semula masyarakat untuk mengurangkan, menghapuskan pengenalan kaum mengikut fungsi-fungsi ekonomi.

Dasar Perindustrian Berat

Tujuan:

` mengurangkan pergantungan Malaysia pada negara-negara asing bagi bekalan alat jentera.
` mengembangkan industri sokongan.
` mengukuhkan ekonomi negara dalam jangka panjang.
` membekal peluang kepada pihak swasta bagi memainkan peranan cergas dalam pembangunan ekonomi negara..
` mencetuskan aktiviti perindustrian kecil dan sederhana sebagai penampung kepada industri berat.
` mengeluarkan barangan, bahan mentah dan peralatan perindustrian untuk keperluan negara.
` mempelbagaikan barang eksport negara bagi mengatasi halangan atau perlindungan negara-negara maju terhadap pengehadan barang negara kita.
` mewujudkan pekerja berkemahiran dalam bidang-bidang kejuruteraan dan bidang berkaitan.


Langkah-langkah:

> HICOM
(Perbadanan Industri Berat Malaysia/ Heavy Industry Corporation of Malaysia)
? mengenalpasti serta mengurus projek-projek perusahaan berat.
? membawa masuk teknologi yang sesuai dengan kehendak industri berat.
? menggalakkan pengeluaran barangan dan perkhidmatan yang bertaraf antarabangsa.
? melahirkan tenaga/sumber pekerja yang terlatih untuk mengendalikan sektor ini.
> memberi galakan kredit, subsidi dan tarif kepada projek-projek industri berat.
> mengendalikan projek industri berat secara usahasama dengan rakan kongsi yang mempunyai teknologi yang diperlukan.
> penglibatan secara langsung oleh kerajaan dalam industri berat.
> menggunakan sumber tenaga pakar dari luar.
> mengembangkan industri berat yang sedia ada.
> kajian terhadap projek-projek yang sesuai dan bentuk pasaran antarabangsa dibuat demi mengurangkan kos pengeluaran dan boleh bersaing di pasaran dunia.


Pencapaian: ( dengan usahasama pelabur asing)

& pembuatan kereta penumpang, Proton Saga, oleh Perusahaan Otomobil Nasional Sendirian Berhad (PROTON).
& Pengeluaran besi berongga dan billet keluli oleh kilang PERWAJA, Terengganu.
& Kilang simen yang dikendalikan oleh Kedah Cement Sendirian Berhad.
& HICOM – Honda Manufacturing (M) Sendirian Berhad.

Friday, January 25, 2008

Learners STPM Notes Lists

Below is the links to those notes we had added onto our site. Just click through. We will update from time to time to make sure the notes are sufficient.



Biology

Chemistry: Coming Soon

General Paper

Mathematics T: Coming Soon

Physics: Coming Soon




Hubungan Malaysia dengan Britain dan Pendirian terhadap Komanwel (CHOGM)

1. Komanwel diasaskan oleh Queen Elizabeth pada tahun 1926, merupakan pertubuhan negara-negara merdeka yang pernah dijajah oleh Britain (kecuali Mozambique, bekas tanah jajahan Pertugis)

2. Sehingga kini, Komanwel dianggotai 53 negara di mana Malaysia (Tanah Melayu) menyertai selepas mencapai kemerdekaan pada tahun 1957.

3. Matlamat dan Objektif:
# Memberi kemudahan dan faedah kepada negara-negara anggotanya
# Mengadakan kerjasama antara negara anggota dalam bidang politik ekonomi, alam sekitar dan sosial
# Memajukan negara anggota dan menyelesaikan masalah bersama yang sedia ada

4. Syarat-syarat keanggotaan:
# Bekas jajahan British (kecuali Mozambique)
# Bebas menyertai atau menarik diri daripada Komanwel
# Ratu Britain diakui sebagai Ketua Komanwel
# Negara anggota mempunyai kebebasan dan hak yang sama rata
# Tidak terikat oleh dasar Britain

5. Faktor Malaysia menyertai Komanwel:
# Keadaan darurat yang masih wujud di Persekutuan Tanah Melayu
# Harapan Singapura akan diserapkan ke dalam Persekutuan Tanah Melayu
# Khuatir akan ketidaktentuan dasar Presiden Sukarno, Indonesia

6. Beberapa buah negara telah keluar dari Komanwel:
# Amerika Syarikat (1961)
# Myanmmar (1948)
# Pakistan (1973) tetapi masuk semula pada tahun 1989

7. Komanwel mempunyai seketariatnya beribu pejabat di London. Seketariat Komanwel membantu negara anggota dalam pelbagai perkara seperti pengurusan hutang, membangunkan pasaran modal tempatan dan menyusun semuila struktur ekonomi.

8. Komanwel mengadakan mesyuarat Ketua-ketua Kerajaan Komanwel (Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting – CHOGM) dua tahun sekali.

9. Antara institusi Komanwel yang penting ialah:
# Bahagian Hal-Ehwal Ekonomi (EAD)
# Bahagian Bantuan Teknikal Am (GTA)
# Kumpulan Bantuan Teknikal (TAG)
# Tabung Ekuiti Komanwel

10. Tabung Ekuiti Komanwel ditubuhkan pada 1990 bertujuan membantu negara anggota yang memerlukan modal.

11. Melalui Komanwel, pelbagai aspek ditekankan. Sukan Komanwel diperkenalkan.


12. Komanwel menggunakan satu sistem diplomatik yang unik, Pesuruhjaya Tinggi. “Duta” digunakan untuk wakil Malaysia ke negara-negara bukan anggota Komanwel. “Konsul” merujuk kepada pegawai diplomatik di bawah Duta Malaysia yang ditugaskan untuk mewakilkan Malaysia di daerah atau negeri di negara asing.

13. Tujuan CHOGM:
# Membincangkan masalak-masalah negara anggota
# Membincangkan hal-ehwal dalam negara sesebuah negara dan sengketa antara negara anggota dengan keizinan negara-negara yang terlibat

14. Faedah-faedah yang dinikmati Malaysia daripada keanggotaan:
# Perjanjian Pertahanan Anglo-Malaya dimeterai dengan Britain
# Menikmati keistimewaan perdagangan dengan negara anggota yang lain
# Mendapat bantuan Rancangan Colombo dalam bidang teknik dan biasiswa

15. Rancangan Colombo:
# Bermula pada tahun 1950
# Memberi bantuan kewangan, teknikal dan biasiswa kepada negara=negara ahli yang kurang maju bagi melanjutkan pangajian tinggi di luar negara.
# Projek Malaysia yang dibiayai rancangan ini:
° Lebuh Raya Timur-Barat
° Beberapa jalan raya dan jambatan di Sabah dan Sarawak
° Beberapa buah institusi pendidikan di Sabah dan Sarawak

16. Perkembangan Komanwel pada tahun 1970-an dan 1980-an menampakkan beberapa masalah. Dasar dikenakan pada negara Komanwel, Dasar Perdagangan, memihak kepada negara-negara maju. Hubungan Malaysia dengan Komanwel (Britain) menjadi renggang sejak 1982 apabila bekas Perdana Menteri Malaysia, Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad lantang mengkritik perjalanan pertubuhan Komanwel itu di samping tindakan ekonomi “ Buy British Last”. 1982-1984, malaysia tidak puas hati Komanwel kerana Kanada dan Britain enggan mengadakan sekatan ekonomi terhadap Afrika Selatan kerana Dasar Aparteid.

17. Malaysia aktif semula selepas CHOGM di Van couver, Kanada, 1987.

18. CHOGM 1989 dan Mesyuarat Menteri-Menteri Kewangan Komanwel (CFMM) 1991 diadakan di Kuala Lumpur. Malaysia menjadi tuan rumah SUKOM (1998) ke-16.

19. Dalam CHOGM 1989, isu-isu:
# Deklarasi Kuala Lumpur – (Dasar Aparteid, perdagangan, sosial dan sebagainya kecuali isu alam sekitar)
# Deklarasi Langkawi – (alam sekitar)
# Mengehadkan senjata nuklear dan senjata kimia
# Soal palestin dan Israel
# Isu Kemboja dan ZOPFAN
# Campur tangan Soviet Union di Afghanistan
# Masalah pelarian Vietnam
# Membanteras penyalahgunaan dadah dan pengedaran dadah

20. Malaysia dilantik sebagai Pengerusi Program Kerjasama Komanwel bagi Pengurusan Teknologi (CPTM) pada tahun 1996.

21. Pembabitan Persekutuan Tanah Melayu dalam Komanwel sebelum merdeka:
# Pembabitan tentera Komanwel (British dan Australia) dalam Perang Dunia II apabila Tanah Melayu diserang Jepun
# Pembabitan tentera Komanwel (British, New Zealand, Kanada) bagi menentang ancaman komunis, zaman Darurat (1948-60)
# Kerjasama dan khidmat pakar-pakar dari negara-negara Komanwel dalam penggubalan Perlembagaan Persekutuan

22. Sidang CHOGM 1991 Harare, Zimbabwe. Perisytiharan Harare berikrar:
# Mempertingkat pembangunan dan menghapuskan negara anggota
# Memperjuang hak asasi manusia dan kesamarataan bagi kaum wanita
# Melindungi alam sekitar
# Melindungi and mengembangkan prinsip-prinsip demokrasi
# Mewujudkan badan kehakiman yang bebas dan adil
# Mempergiat usaha-usaha membanteras pengedaran dadah

23. CHOGM 1995 (Auckland, New Zealand), Malaysia bersama 7 negara dipilih menganggotai Kumpulan Bertindak Komanwel Peringkat Menteri untuk menilai pelaksanaa dn amalan demokrasi dalam kalangan negara Komanwel.

24. Komanwel menjadikan Malaysia sebagai model dalam melaksanakan Tabung Penswastaan Baru Komanwel (CEPF).

25. Kejayaan Komanwel:
# Pulihkan keamanan Uganda (perang saudara)
# Bantu Zimbabwe capai kemerdekaan
# Kutuk Perancis tidak menghormati Perjanjian tentang Pengurangan Senjata Nuklear (NPT) – menjalankan ujian nuklear dii Pasifik Selatan 1996
# Kritik India dan Pakistan jalankan ujian nuklear (1998)

26. Pengisytiharan Komanwel:
# Pengisytiharkan Lusaka 1979 (rasisme dan diskriminasi perkauman)
# Deklarasi Goa 1983 (keselamatan antarabangsa)
# Pernyataan New Delhi (tindakan ekonomi bagi memperkukuh pembangunan di negara-negara membangun)
# Deklarasi Nassau 1985 (kerjasama antarabangsa)
# Deklarasi Vancouver 1987 (perdagangan dunia)
# Deklarasi Victoria Falls 1994 (hak-hak perikemanusiaan wanita)

27. Kejadian Mengenai Komanwel
# 2001 – CHOGM 2001 yang pada asalnya diadakan di Brisbane (Okt 6-9) dibatalkan selepas serangan 9/11. Persidangan ditunda ke Mac 2002 di Queensland