Pronouns: Person

This is a basic teaching of he, she, it, I, you, we and they in French.

I => Je/J'

You => Tu

He => Il

He (plural)/They => Ils

She => Elle

She (plural)/They => Elles

We => Nous/On

Verbs: Introduction

Generally, there are three trypes of verbs in French: -er, -re and -ir verbs. 

These verbs will follow each's conjugations respectively except certain irregular verbs.

What is conjugation?

It is a form of adding certain prefix or suffix to a part of word to form tenses. For example, in English, he/she/it will have verbs after them with an 's' behind the root word while no 's' for you/we/they. Conjugation works this way for all verbs and differ for each different tenses.

Check Out:

-er verbs

-re verbs

-ir verbs

Salutation Simple: Simple Greetings

Aujourd'hui, on apprend les salutations simples.
Today, we learn simple greetings.
* aujourd'hui : today
* apprend (root word: apprendre): learn
* salutation: greetings
* simple: simple


Bonjour!
Good morning!
*Althought Bonjour is usually said in the morning, it can be said as a greeting no matter when is it.

Bonne journée!
Good day!

Bonsoir!
Good evening!

Bonne soirée!
Good evening!

Bonne nuit!
Good night!


Salut!
Greetings!

Chapter 4 Syllabus

4.1 Light reaction

- Reaction and detailed description

- Photoactivation of photosystem I and photosystem II

- Photolysis of water

- Production and roles of NADPH and ATP

- Cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation

4.2 Dark reaction/Calvin cycle in C3* and C4* plants

- Reaction and detailed description

- CO2* fixation to RuBP

- Production of PGAL until the formation of carbohydrates

- Involvement in the formation of proteins and fatty acids

- Anatomical and physiological differences between leaves of C3* and C4* plants

- Krantz's anatomy

- Hatch-Slack pathway

- Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)

- Example: cactus

4.3 Factors limiting the rate of photosynthesis

- Wavelength and intensity of light, temperature and carbon dioxide concentration

- Compensation point

* numbers are subscripts

Chapter 4: Photosynthesis

@ Syllabus

@ Chloroplast Structure

@ Photosynthesis Pigments

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Persidangan Anti Dadah Antarabangsa (ICDAIT)

Nama Inggeris: International Conference on Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking (ICDAIT)

Penglibatan Malaysia :

- Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad sebagai Presiden Persidangan dalam tahun 1987 di Vienna, Austria.

*Maklumat akan ditambah dalam masa akan datang*

Wind and Water

1. They affects the dispersion of organism. They also affects the distribution of fruits, seeds and spores.

2. Wind increase evapotranspiration thereby decreasing moisture. Hence, windy habitats are usually inhabited by xerophytes.

3. Strong water currents causes erosion that would then determine the type of species that line the riverbanks.

4. Plankton and algae species are also found in small amounts in fast flowing waters. In the beaches, waves and beach sand prevent plants from inhabiting there.

Important Concepts of Ecology

1. Ecology: study of interactions between organisms and organisms with their environments

 

2. Biosphere (Ecosphere): all parts of planet Earth inhabited by living organisms. It stretches from the bottom of the ocean  to the upper atmosphere = all the communities and ecosystems in planet Earth

 

3. Biotic components: living components in the ecosystem, such as plants, animals, humans and microorganisms

 

4. Abiotic components: non-living components of the ecosystem such as water, soil, air, rocks, snow and others.

 

5. Environment: surrounding of an organism including all biotic and abiotic components. The environment of an  organism usually includes water, air, soil and living things.

 

6. Habitat: specific area(place) of the physical environment where an organism lives. Example: Forest as habitat of monkeys, Meadow as habitat of deers.

 

7. Microhabitat: particular place in the habitat where and organism lives. Microhabitat can be an area under a rock, for ants.

 

8. Community: all organisms living in the same habitat. Mangrove swamp community consists of mangrove trees, birds, crabs, monkeys, snakes, microorganisms...etc.

 

9. Biome: large community unit that extends over wide biogeographical area, determined by area. Hence, biome can be said as a climatically delineated assemblage of organisms that have a characteristic appearance and is distribute over a wide geographical area. This community is usually complex and its animals and plants have certain characteristics. Example: Terrestrial biome are tropical forest, Mediterranean forest, deciduous forests, savanna, tundra, desert and prairie. Ocean is a single biome.

 

10. Bion: independant individual organism living in any ecological system.

Local University Outcome

For STPM 2007 candidates who had applied for the local university, you can now check it using Internet though the www.mohe.gov.my portal. Just key in your IC number, category and Angka Giliran and you will know what you have been waiting for for these six months. Another way is using SMS. Just type UPU<space>IC number to 33310 or 32020, then you will know the result.

Cardiovascular Disease

Hypertension

Meaning:

1. Hypertension is also known as high blood pressure.

2. It is defined as systemic arterial blood pressure which constantly remains at a high level (above 140/90 mmHg).

3. Through survey, 30% of Malaysians suffer from hypertension.

4. Secondary hypertension is hypertension caused by other disease. 5% of Malaysian suffer from secondary hypertension.

5. Primary hypertension is caused by process not fully understood or fully known. It covers 90% of Malaysian hypertension patients.

Causes:

Primary Hypertension

1. Arteriosclerosis

2. Genetic factors

3. Excessive intake of salt and cholesterol

4. Obesity

5. Smoking

6. Tension and stress

7. Sedentary lifestyle, lack of exercise

8. Alcohol consumption

9. Use of contraceptive pills

* Note that the actual cause is still unknown. These are mostly believed causes.

Symptoms:

1. Dizziness (esp. morning)

2. Buzzing sound in the ears

3. Bleeding nose

4. Blur vision

5. Flushes in the face

6. Frequent urinating (incontinence)

7. Difficulty in breathing

8. Swelling feet

Effects:

1. Heart

2. Kidney

3. Brain

Prevention:

1. Exercise

2. Lose Weight

3. Reduction of tension in life

4. Reduction of salt and cholesterol intake

5. Stay away from cigarettes and alcohol

 

Arteriosclerosis

Meaning:

 

Causes:

1. Genetic factory

2. Diet

3. Smoking

4. Stress

5. Sedentary lifestyle

6. Alcohol consumption

7. Age

8. Gender

9. Other disease

Prevention:

 

 

Myocardial Infarction

Meaning:

 

Causes:

1. Diet/nutrition

2. Stress

3. Genetic

4. Body weight

5. Age

6. Smoking

7. Gender

8. Other diseases

Prevention:

1. Exercise

2. Consume healthy food (low cholesterol, salt and saturated fat)

3. Don't/reduce smoking

4. Relax and stress-free lifestyle

5. Seek medical help once unhealthy symptoms surfaces

Les Choristes With English Subtitles

It's so happy to find this one. Finally I found the whole Les Choristes movie in Google Video which have English suntitles. You will learn much through this one!

Roles of Hormones in Plant Growth and Development

Auxin

1. Phototropism

2. Cell Elongation

3. Apical Dominance

4. Parthenocarpy

5. Flowering

6. Delay Abscission

7. Activates Cambium

8. Growth of Lateral Roots

 

Giberellin

1. Break Seed Dormancy

2. Bolting

3. Dwarf to Normal

4. Growth of Lateral Roots

5.

 

Cytokinin

 

Abscisic Acid (ABA)

 

Ethene

Chapter 11: Hormones/Chemical Coordination

@ Syllabus

Plants

@ Roles of Hormones in Plant Growth and Development

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Chapter 11 Syllabus

11.1 Humans

11.1.1 Hormonal Action

- Mechanism of hormone action via gene activation; examples: steroid hormones

- Mechanism of non-steroid hormone via activation of cyclic AMP system (cascade effect); examples: adrenaline

- Comparison between the two action mechanisms

11.1.2 Role of hormones in reproduction

- Site of production and the role of hormones in oestrus cycle

- Site of production and role of hormone during pregnancy

11.2 Plants

- Role of hormones in plant growth and development

11.2.1 Auxin: Growth of organs

11.2.2 Giberellin: Root and shoot induction

11.2.3 Cytokinin

11.2.4 Abscisic Acid (ABA): Apical and bud dominance

11.2.5 Ethene: Seed dormancy, flowering, abscission, senescence, fruit ripening, stomatal mechanism, parthenocarpy

- Interaction betweeb hormones; examples: apical dominance

11.3 Phytochromes and the effect of light on flowering

- Definition of phytochrome

- Mechanism of phytochrome action

- Role of phytochromes in photoperiodism and flowering

Chapter 13: Reproduction

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Chapter 13 Syllabus

13.1 Sexual Reproduction

13.1.1 Plants

- Refer topic 22 (Biodiversity) for morphological characteristics

- Structure of sexual reproductive organ

- Life cycle with emphasis on sexual reproduction:

i) Algae: Spirogira

ii) Bryophyta: Marchantia

iii) Filicinophyta: Dryopteris

iv) Coniferophyta: Pinus

v) Angiospermophyta: Caesalpinia

13.1.2 Fungi: Mucor

- Refer to topic 22 (Biodiversity) for morphological characteristics

- Structure of sexual reproductive organ

- Life cycle with emphasis on sexual reproduction

13.1.3 Animals

- Refer topic 22 (Biodiversity) for morphological characteristics

- Diversity of sexual reproductive systems and overall comparison

- Mechanism of fertilization (internal and external)

- Oviparity, Ovoviviparity and Viviparity

i) Ciliophora: Paramecium

ii) Cnidaria: Hydra

iii) Annelida: Pheretima

iv) Arthropoda: Periplaneta

v) Amphibia: Rana

vi) Reptilia: Naja

vii) Aves: Columba

ix) Mammalia: Rattus

13.2 Asexual Reproduction

- Definition and examples only

13.2.1 Parthenogenesis

- Aphis and Apis

13.2.2 Paedogenesis

- Amphioxus

13.2.3 Polyembriony

- Fasciola

13.2.4 Sporulation

- Dryopteris and Plasmodium

13.2.5 Budding

- Hydra and Saccharomyces

13.2.6 Binary fission

- Amoeba

13.2.7 Regeneration

- Planaria

13.2.8 Vegetative

- Allium, Solanum, Yucca, Zingiber

Chapter 15: Growth

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Chapter 15 Syllabus

15.1 Measurement

- Parameters and methods of measurement (suitability and problems)

 

15.2 Types of growth curve

- Absolute growth curve

- Absolute growth rate curve

- Relative growth rate curve

 

15.3 Growth pattern

- Limited growth (human)

- Unlimited growth (perennial plants/woody plants)

- Allometric growth (human)

- Isometric growth (fish)

- Intermittent growth (insect)

 

15.4 Ecdysis and metamorphosis

- Definition

- Role of hormones (neurosecretion, juvenile hormone and ecdysone)

- Ecdysis and metamorphosis in insects

 

15.5 Dormancy

- Concept, importance and examples

 

15.5.1 Animals

- Hibernation, aestivation and diapause

 

15.5.2 Plants

- Seed dormancy

- Factors affecting seed dormancy and methods of overcoming them

How to Make a Quill Without Feather?

As a note, this post will be re-posted in my other web sites... but that's with the permission of mine.

All right, now, this actually had been done years ago... But I thought there are many people doing the same until I found out no one actually did it... And the intuition to make a quill came after reading Harry Potter... and noticed about the history of writing instrument. The first thing is ingredients - Making Quill from Used Pen

Ingredients: Penknife, Used Pen(Best: simple ballpoint pen's ink cartridge... the slimmer is the cartridge, the better) and some ink to try it on...

Method: First, cut of the pen tip part with the metal... then the whole cartridge will look like a tube. Then, cut one of the tips diagonally... and leaving the tips as small angle as possible. Next, you will see the sharp tip of the quill with the ' v ' shape. In the middle cut a straight line in the middle of the ' v ' right until the very tip. make sure the cut is through until the other side of the plastic. Okay... you are done! The basic of the new-style-quill is done. All you need to do is dip it into the ink and start using it. In between, you can adjust the tip shape or ink flows by cutting the tip or the line.

Thanks!!!

Chapter 14: Development

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