Chapter 13 Syllabus

13.1 Sexual Reproduction

13.1.1 Plants

- Refer topic 22 (Biodiversity) for morphological characteristics

- Structure of sexual reproductive organ

- Life cycle with emphasis on sexual reproduction:

i) Algae: Spirogira

ii) Bryophyta: Marchantia

iii) Filicinophyta: Dryopteris

iv) Coniferophyta: Pinus

v) Angiospermophyta: Caesalpinia

13.1.2 Fungi: Mucor

- Refer to topic 22 (Biodiversity) for morphological characteristics

- Structure of sexual reproductive organ

- Life cycle with emphasis on sexual reproduction

13.1.3 Animals

- Refer topic 22 (Biodiversity) for morphological characteristics

- Diversity of sexual reproductive systems and overall comparison

- Mechanism of fertilization (internal and external)

- Oviparity, Ovoviviparity and Viviparity

i) Ciliophora: Paramecium

ii) Cnidaria: Hydra

iii) Annelida: Pheretima

iv) Arthropoda: Periplaneta

v) Amphibia: Rana

vi) Reptilia: Naja

vii) Aves: Columba

ix) Mammalia: Rattus

13.2 Asexual Reproduction

- Definition and examples only

13.2.1 Parthenogenesis

- Aphis and Apis

13.2.2 Paedogenesis

- Amphioxus

13.2.3 Polyembriony

- Fasciola

13.2.4 Sporulation

- Dryopteris and Plasmodium

13.2.5 Budding

- Hydra and Saccharomyces

13.2.6 Binary fission

- Amoeba

13.2.7 Regeneration

- Planaria

13.2.8 Vegetative

- Allium, Solanum, Yucca, Zingiber