Auxin
1. Phototropism
2. Cell Elongation
3. Apical Dominance
4. Parthenocarpy
5. Flowering
6. Delay Abscission
7. Activates Cambium
8. Growth of Lateral Roots
Giberellin
1. Break Seed Dormancy
2. Bolting
3. Dwarf to Normal
4. Growth of Lateral Roots
5.
Cytokinin
Abscisic Acid (ABA)
Ethene
11.1 Humans
11.1.1 Hormonal Action
- Mechanism of hormone action via gene activation; examples: steroid hormones
- Mechanism of non-steroid hormone via activation of cyclic AMP system (cascade effect); examples: adrenaline
- Comparison between the two action mechanisms
11.1.2 Role of hormones in reproduction
- Site of production and the role of hormones in oestrus cycle
- Site of production and role of hormone during pregnancy
11.2 Plants
- Role of hormones in plant growth and development
11.2.1 Auxin: Growth of organs
11.2.2 Giberellin: Root and shoot induction
11.2.3 Cytokinin
11.2.4 Abscisic Acid (ABA): Apical and bud dominance
11.2.5 Ethene: Seed dormancy, flowering, abscission, senescence, fruit ripening, stomatal mechanism, parthenocarpy
- Interaction betweeb hormones; examples: apical dominance
11.3 Phytochromes and the effect of light on flowering
- Definition of phytochrome
- Mechanism of phytochrome action
- Role of phytochromes in photoperiodism and flowering
13.1 Sexual Reproduction
13.1.1 Plants
- Refer topic 22 (Biodiversity) for morphological characteristics
- Structure of sexual reproductive organ
- Life cycle with emphasis on sexual reproduction:
i) Algae: Spirogira
ii) Bryophyta: Marchantia
iii) Filicinophyta: Dryopteris
iv) Coniferophyta: Pinus
v) Angiospermophyta: Caesalpinia
13.1.2 Fungi: Mucor
- Refer to topic 22 (Biodiversity) for morphological characteristics
- Structure of sexual reproductive organ
- Life cycle with emphasis on sexual reproduction
13.1.3 Animals
- Refer topic 22 (Biodiversity) for morphological characteristics
- Diversity of sexual reproductive systems and overall comparison
- Mechanism of fertilization (internal and external)
- Oviparity, Ovoviviparity and Viviparity
i) Ciliophora: Paramecium
ii) Cnidaria: Hydra
iii) Annelida: Pheretima
iv) Arthropoda: Periplaneta
v) Amphibia: Rana
vi) Reptilia: Naja
vii) Aves: Columba
ix) Mammalia: Rattus
13.2 Asexual Reproduction
- Definition and examples only
13.2.1 Parthenogenesis
- Aphis and Apis
13.2.2 Paedogenesis
- Amphioxus
13.2.3 Polyembriony
- Fasciola
13.2.4 Sporulation
- Dryopteris and Plasmodium
13.2.5 Budding
- Hydra and Saccharomyces
13.2.6 Binary fission
- Amoeba
13.2.7 Regeneration
- Planaria
13.2.8 Vegetative
- Allium, Solanum, Yucca, Zingiber
