8.1 Animals
8.1.1 Cardiac Cycle
- Definition of systole and diastole
- Change in pressure and volume in aorta, left atrium and left ventricle
8.1.2 Control of heart beat
- Sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes
- Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves
- Detailed description of heart beat
8.1.3 Cardiovascular diseases
- Hypertension, arteriosclerosis and myocardial infarction
- Meaning, causes and prevention
8.2 Plants
8.2.1 Xylem and ascent of sap
- Uptake of water and ions by roots
- Root pressure and cohesion-tension theory
- Mechanism of transport based on water potential
- Pathways - apoplast, symplast and vacuole
8.2.2 Phloem and translocation
- Mass flow/pressure flow hypothesis(Münch model), electro-osmosis, cytoplasmic streaming and peristaltic waves
- Transport of dissolved organic substances in plants
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